Nutrition Chapter 14 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the individual child's energy needs at age 1?

800 calories/day

What is the individual child's energy needs at age 6?

1600 calories/day

What is the individual child's energy needs at age 10?

2000 calories/day

Individual children's energy needs vary widely, depending on?

growth and physical activity Signup and view all the answers

A malnourished child at age 3 will have diminished mental capacities at what future age?

11 years Signup and view all the answers

Nutrient needs change throughout life, depending on?

Rate of growth, gender, activities, individual factors Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of US children consume diets ranked as 'poor' or 'needs improvement'?

81% Signup and view all the answers

Nutrient deficiencies during growth often have long-lasting effects on?

physical and mental development Signup and view all the answers

An infant's appetite decreases when?

near the first birthday and fluctuates thereafter Signup and view all the answers

What guarantees that a child's intake will be right for each stage of growth?

Internal appetite regulation Signup and view all the answers

What are the protein needs for a child 0-1 years old?

1.5 g/kg/day Signup and view all the answers

What are the protein needs for a child 1-13 years old?

~1.0 g/kg/day Signup and view all the answers

What are the protein needs for a child 14-18 years old?

0.85 g/kg/day Signup and view all the answers

What are the protein needs for a child 19+ years old?

0.8 g/kg/day Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrate recommendations based on?

glucose use by the brain Signup and view all the answers

How much carbohydrate does a 1 year old need?

same amount as adult because brain is large for the size of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the fiber recommendation for a child?

5 grams or more Signup and view all the answers

Why is dehydration a major risk for older people?

The thirst mechanism is less reliable and kidneys become less efficient at recapturing water Signup and view all the answers

How many cups of water do older adults need to drink to prevent dehydration?

at least 6 cups of fluids/day Signup and view all the answers

Why is iron deficiency common in older people?

Chronic blood loss from ulcers or hemorrhoids and poor iron absorption Signup and view all the answers

How many elderly poor benefit from meals on wheels?

25 million Signup and view all the answers

What does Social Security provide retired people over age 62?

provides income to retired people over age 62 who paid into the system Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Federal programs with their assistance type:

Social Security = Income support for the elderly Food Stamps = Nutritional assistance for low-income individuals Meals on Wheels = Meal delivery service for seniors Signup and view all the answers

How does the Food Stamp Program assist the very poor?

by supplementing their monthly food budget with a card Signup and view all the answers

What does Meals on Wheels provide seniors?

Meals delivered to the door Signup and view all the answers

What does the Meals on Wheels sponsored program Senior Nutrition Program provide?

Nutritious meals, education, shopping assistance, counseling, transportation Signup and view all the answers

What are the obstacles to nutrition adequacy for seniors?

Living alone, tooth loss, medical conditions, multiple medications Signup and view all the answers

Why does synthesis of Vitamin D occur in older adults?

synthesis declines, drink little D-fortified milk, no sun exposure Signup and view all the answers

As people age, synthesis of what vitamin declines?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose for Vitamin D for adults age 71+ years old?

15 micrograms/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose for Vitamin D for adults age 51-70 years old?

10 micrograms/day Signup and view all the answers

What B vitamin may prevent some of the age-related loss of mental ability?

Vitamin B12 Signup and view all the answers

What does MyPyramid for Kids provide parents?

structure for feeding children, daily amounts needed Signup and view all the answers

The childhood years are the parents' last chance to influence their child's food choices by?

appropriate eating habits and attitudes toward food Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of Family Meals?

support food regulation and appropriate growth Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common deficiencies worldwide in children?

protein, energy, vitamin A, iron, and zinc Signup and view all the answers

A study of seemingly healthy British children revealed that?

40% had inadequate intakes of essential nutrients Signup and view all the answers

For kids, what can cause iron deficiency?

switching from formula to whole milk, unreliable food consumption Signup and view all the answers

Life expectancy: the average number of years lived by people in a given society in the U.S.?

80 years for white women, 75 years for black women Signup and view all the answers

The 'graying' of America means?

the population over age 65 has doubled Signup and view all the answers

What are the general protein needs for older people?

needs remain about the same as for younger adults Signup and view all the answers

What age group is the fastest-growing?

people over 85 Signup and view all the answers

How much has the 100yr+ population increased in the last decade?

doubled in the last decade Signup and view all the answers

How can too much protein affect older adults?

can be hard on ailing kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Why are older adults deficient in Vitamin B12?

lost ability to produce sufficient stomach acid to absorb vitamin B12 Signup and view all the answers

How can older adults increase their vitamin B12 intake?

Vitamin B12-fortified foods or supplements should be used Signup and view all the answers

Even borderline iron deficiency in kids can cause?

behavior, mood, attention span, and learning impairments Signup and view all the answers

In developing nations, nutrient deficiencies account for how many deaths of children under 4?

nearly half the deaths Signup and view all the answers

In developing nations, nutrient deficiencies result in what health problems?

blindness, stunted growth, vulnerability to infections Signup and view all the answers

Can older adults gain muscle mass once it has been lost?

Some people in their 90s have gained muscle mass through weight training Signup and view all the answers

What does physical activity mean?

Expending energy, which permits higher food intake and better nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common foods that trigger allergic reactions?

Peanuts, milk, eggs, wheat, soybeans, fish Signup and view all the answers

What percent of children are diagnosed with true food allergies?

3%-5% Signup and view all the answers

When does a food allergy occur?

when a food protein enters body tissues, triggering an immune response Signup and view all the answers

Can Nutrition Help People Live Longer?

Yes, engaging in healthy practices promotes longevity Signup and view all the answers

What percent of adult women in the U.S. fail to obtain enough calcium?

≈75% Signup and view all the answers

Food intolerance symptoms?

unpleasant symptoms after consuming certain foods Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of physical activity for the older adult?

better flexibility, endurance, and overall health Signup and view all the answers

After age 50, the energy intake recommendation is what percent lower each decade?

5% lower per decade Signup and view all the answers

Why is energy intake of older adults less?

Energy needs decrease due to metabolism and activity level dropping Signup and view all the answers

Students in middle and high schools face temptations of junk food in vending machines?

They face pressure from food industries and schools Signup and view all the answers

Are nutrient needs higher or lower during adolescence?

True Signup and view all the answers

Why do male teenage boys need more iron?

to develop extra lean body mass Signup and view all the answers

Why do female teenage girls need more iron?

to gain lean body mass and support menstruation Signup and view all the answers

What percent of adults have true food allergies?

1%-2% Signup and view all the answers

Why are soft drinks not the best primary drink for teens?

They displace calcium-rich foods from the diet Signup and view all the answers

What period of a child's life is crucial in bone development?

Adolescence Signup and view all the answers

How many calories does an inactive female need?

needs clarification Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Child Nutrition

Energy needs at age 1: Approximately 800 calories/day.
Energy needs at age 6: Approximately 1600 calories/day.
Energy needs at age 10: Approximately 2000 calories/day.
Variation in energy needs is influenced by growth and physical activity.
Malnutrition at age 3 can lead to diminished mental capacities by age 11.
Nutrient needs depend on rate of growth, gender, activities, and individual factors.
81% of U.S. children have diets that are "poor" or "needs improvement."
Nutrient deficiencies during growth adversely affect physical and mental development.
Infant appetite typically decreases around the first birthday.

Protein and Carbohydrate Needs

Protein needs for children aged 0-1: 1.5 g/kg/day, decreasing with age.
For children aged 1-13: Approximately 1.0 g/kg/day.
For teenagers aged 14-18: Approximately 0.85 g/kg/day.
For adults aged 19+: Approximately 0.8 g/kg/day, typically met by a standard U.S. diet.
Carbohydrate recommendations for children are based on brain glucose requirements.
One-year-olds require a similar carbohydrate intake as adults due to brain size.

Hydration and Nutrient Concerns for Older Adults

Dehydration risk is significant in older adults due to unreliable thirst and kidney efficiency.
Recommended fluid intake for older adults is at least 6 cups/day.
Iron deficiency in older adults can result from blood loss, poor absorption, and some medications.
Approximately 25 million elderly individuals benefit from the Meals on Wheels program.

Older Adults and Nutrition Programs

Social Security offers income to retired individuals over age 62 who contributed to the system.
Food Stamps and Meals on Wheels are vital federal programs assisting older adults with nutrition.
Meals on Wheels provides home-delivered meals and essential support services.
Obstacles to adequate nutrition for seniors include living arrangements, dental issues, and medication interactions.

Vitamin D and B12 Needs

Vitamin D synthesis declines with age, prompting higher intake recommendations (15 mcg/day for 71+ years, 10 mcg/day for 51-70 years).
Vitamin B12 may help prevent age-related cognitive decline; older adults may struggle with its absorption.

Childhood and Adolescent Nutrition

MyPyramid for Kids aids parents in providing nutritional balance for growth and development.
Family meals foster healthy eating habits and emotional support.
Common nutrient deficiencies in children globally include protein, energy, vitamin A, iron, and zinc.

Aging Population Statistics

Life expectancy averages: 80 years for white women, 75 for black women, 75 for white men, 68 for black men.
Since 1950, the population of individuals over age 65 has doubled.
The fastest-growing age group is those over 85, with centenarians doubling in the last decade.

Physical Activity and Aging

Physical activity contributes to better health outcomes in older adults, enhancing flexibility, balance, and overall health.
Older adults' energy needs decrease with age due to a decline in metabolic rate and physical activity.

Adolescent Nutritional Needs

Nutritional needs peak during adolescence, particularly for iron; boys require more for lean mass and girls require more for menstruation support.
Energy intake for older adults is about 5% lower each decade past 50, necessitating careful dietary choices to avoid low nutrient density foods.

Food Allergies and Intolerances

Only 3%-5% of children have true food allergies, often triggered by common foods like nuts and dairy.
Food intolerances provoke symptoms without an immune response, unlike true allergies which can lead to anaphylactic reactions.

Lifestyle Factors for Longevity

Healthy aging is influenced by moderate alcohol use, regular meals, weight control, adequate sleep, abstaining from smoking, and consistent physical activity, which can make one feel decades younger.

Key Deficiencies and Their Impact

Borderline iron deficiency in children may lead to behavioral and cognitive impairments long before anemia appears.
In developing nations, nutrient deficiencies lead to high mortality rates in children under 4 and associated health issues like blindness and stunted growth.

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Test your knowledge of children's energy needs based on age with this quiz on Nutrition Chapter 14. Learn about the caloric requirements for children at different developmental stages, from age 1 to age 10. Perfect for students and health professionals alike!