Questions and Answers
What is the study of the composition and characteristics of matter, and the changes that it can undergo?
chemistry
What is the term for the study of how the human body functions?
human physiology
What is composed of a complex collection of chemicals?
you (human body)
What is the main goal of learning basic chemistry concepts in the context of nutrition?
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What are the raw materials that your cells need to survive and function?
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Why is it important to learn the meanings of basic chemistry terms?
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What is the focus of Section 4.3 in the chapter?
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What is the topic of Section 4.4 in the chapter?
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What is the central region of an atom where protons are found?
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What is the charge of protons in an atom?
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What is the term for a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means?
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What is the symbol for the element sodium?
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What is a chemical bond?
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What is the chemical formula for a water molecule?
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How many carbon atoms are in a glucose molecule?
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What is the term for a group of atoms that are bonded together?
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What is unique about carbon atoms that allows them to form a vast array of organic compounds?
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What are minerals, in terms of elements?
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What is the primary component of solutions in living things?
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What is the term for the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent?
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What happens to an atom when it gains or loses one or more electrons?
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What is the formula for the positively charged hydrogen ion?
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What are substances that lose H+ when dissolved in water?
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What is the purpose of the pH scale?
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What is the characteristic of solutions that contain ions that can conduct electricity?
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What is the term for a mixture of two or more compounds that is evenly distributed?
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What is the term for a substance that dissolves in a solvent?
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What is the term for a substance that is insoluble in water and will not dissolve in it?
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What is the pH of a solution that has the same number of H+ as OH−?
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What is the pH of a drain cleaner that contains sodium hydroxide?
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What is the pH of black coffee?
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What is the pH of your blood under normal conditions?
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What happens to the pH of a solution when an acid is added to an alkaline solution?
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What is the function of buffers in the blood?
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What is the role of the lungs in maintaining the normal pH of blood?
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What is the pigment that is used as a natural dye for coloring yarns and can also be used as a crude pH meter?
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What is the process by which large molecules in food are broken down into smaller ones?
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What is a chemical reaction?
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What occurs when vinegar and baking soda react?
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What is the purpose of an acid ingredient in recipes that require baking soda?
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What is metabolism, and what are its two main categories?
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What is the role of an enzyme in a chemical reaction?
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What is the characteristic feature of most enzyme names?
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Why do you need to avoid adding fresh or frozen pineapple to gelatin recipes?
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What is the difference between an acid and a base?
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What is pH, and what does it measure?
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What are the factors that can alter an enzyme's activity?
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What is the result of a chemical reaction between an acid and a base?
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Study Notes
Basic Chemistry Concepts
- Matter is composed of atoms, which contain protons, electrons, and neutrons.
- Atoms are the building blocks of matter, and they can bond with each other to form molecules.
- Elements are substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means.
- Elements are the "building blocks" of matter, and they can be represented by symbols (e.g., C for carbon, H for hydrogen, etc.).
Atoms to Compounds
- Atoms interact with each other to form chemical bonds, which hold atoms together to form molecules.
- Chemical bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds.
- Carbon atoms have four bonding sites, which allows them to bond with each other and form multiple bonds with neighboring carbon atoms.
- Compounds are molecules that contain two or more different elements in specific proportions.
Solutions
- A solution is an evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds.
- In living things, water is often the solvent, and the substances that dissolve in water are called solutes.
- Solubility describes the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
- Some substances, like sugar, dissolve easily in water, while others, like fat, do not dissolve in water.
Ions
- Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have an electrical charge due to gaining or losing electrons.
- Ions can be positively or negatively charged, depending on whether they have gained or lost electrons.
- Electrolytes are substances that can conduct electricity, and they are often ions that can move freely in a solution.
- Electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, have important functions in the body, including maintaining proper fluid balance.
Acids and Bases
- Acids are substances that lose H+ (hydrogen ions) when dissolved in water.
- Bases are substances that remove and accept H+ when dissolved in water.
- The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, with a pH of 7 being neutral.
- A solution with a pH below 7 is acidic, while a solution with a pH above 7 is basic.
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reactions are processes that change the arrangement of atoms in molecules.
- Synthesis reactions involve combining elements or compounds to form new substances.
- Decomposition reactions involve breaking down molecules into smaller components.
- Enzymes are molecules that catalyze (speed up) specific chemical reactions.
Metabolism and Enzymes
- Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells.
- Catabolic reactions involve breaking down molecules, while anabolic reactions involve synthesizing new compounds.
- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions and are recyclable.
- Each enzyme usually has a specific action, and they are sensitive to environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, and the presence of certain vitamins and minerals.
Gelatin and Enzymes
- Gelatin is a source of animal protein that dissolves in boiled water and thickens as it cools.
- Some fruits, such as pineapple, papaya, kiwifruit, and guava, contain enzymes that break down gelatin.
- Heating destroys these enzymes, so they can be used in recipes that include gelatin.
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Description
This quiz covers the basic chemistry concepts in nutrition, including elements, ions, chemical bonds, and enzymes. It also explains the differences between acids and bases and the role of enzymes in chemical reactions.