Nutrition Basics

Study Notes

Definition: The process by which living organisms obtain and utilize energy and nutrients from their environment.
Types of Nutrition:
- Autotrophic: Producing own food through photosynthesis (e.g., plants).
- Heterotrophic: Obtaining food from other sources (e.g., animals).
Nutrient Uptake:
- Ingestion: Taking in food through mouth (e.g., animals).
- Absorption: Breaking down and absorbing nutrients from food.
- Assimilation: Converting absorbed nutrients into energy and biomolecules.

Definition: The process by which cells generate energy from glucose and other organic molecules.
Types of Respiration:
- Aerobic: Occurs in the presence of oxygen, producing ATP and water.
- Anaerobic: Occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing ATP and lactic acid.
Cellular Respiration:
- Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Conversion of pyruvate into ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
- Electron Transport Chain: Generation of ATP from NADH and FADH2.

Definition: The process by which living organisms move substances from one place to another.
Types of Transportation:
- Passive Transport: Movement of substances down their concentration gradient.
- Active Transport: Movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Transport Mechanisms:
- Diffusion: Random movement of particles from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis: Movement of water molecules from high to low concentration.
- Phagocytosis: Engulfing and ingestion of particles by cells.

Definition: The process by which living organisms remove waste and excess substances.
Types of Excretion:
- Kidneys: Filtering waste and excess substances from blood.
- Liver: Removing toxins and waste from blood.
- Skin: Removing excess water and waste through sweating.
Excretory Organs:
- Kidneys: Produce urine, which is excreted through the urinary system.
- Liver: Produces bile, which is excreted through the digestive system.

Definition: The process by which living organisms respond to stimuli and maintain homeostasis.
Types of Coordination and Control:
- Nervous System: Fast, electrical responses to stimuli.
- Endocrine System: Slow, hormonal responses to stimuli.
Control Mechanisms:
- Feedback Loops: Regulation of physiological processes through negative feedback.
- Hormone Regulation: Control of physiological processes through hormone production.

Definition: The process by which living organisms increase in size and complexity.
Types of Growth:
- Cell Division: Increase in cell number.
- Cell Enlargement: Increase in cell size.
Developmental Processes:
- Embryogenesis: Development of an organism from a zygote.
- Morphogenesis: Shaping of tissues and organs during development.

Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain and utilize energy and nutrients from their environment.
There are two types of nutrition: autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Autotrophic nutrition involves producing own food through photosynthesis, e.g., plants.
Heterotrophic nutrition involves obtaining food from other sources, e.g., animals.
Nutrient uptake involves three processes: ingestion, absorption, and assimilation.

Respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose and other organic molecules.
There are two types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic.
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, producing ATP and water.
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing ATP and lactic acid.
Cellular respiration involves three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport chain.

Transportation is the process by which living organisms move substances from one place to another.
There are two types of transportation: passive and active.
Passive transport involves the movement of substances down their concentration gradient.
Active transport involves the movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Transport mechanisms include diffusion, osmosis, and phagocytosis.

Excretion is the process by which living organisms remove waste and excess substances.
There are several types of excretion, including kidney filtration, liver detoxification, and skin excretion through sweating.
Excretory organs include the kidneys, liver, and skin.

Coordination and control involve the response to stimuli and maintenance of homeostasis.
There are two types of coordination and control: nervous system and endocrine system.
The nervous system involves fast, electrical responses to stimuli.
The endocrine system involves slow, hormonal responses to stimuli.
Control mechanisms include feedback loops and hormone regulation.

Growth and development involve the increase in size and complexity of living organisms.
There are two types of growth: cell division and cell enlargement.
Developmental processes include embryogenesis and morphogenesis.