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Questions and Answers
What is the normal range for BMI?
What is the normal range for BMI?
Which macronutrient deficiency is associated with Kwashiorkor?
Which macronutrient deficiency is associated with Kwashiorkor?
In which populations does Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) occur?
In which populations does Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) occur?
What are the symptoms of Marasmus?
What are the symptoms of Marasmus?
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What does Fiber refer to in the diet?
What does Fiber refer to in the diet?
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What is the cause of Marasmus?
What is the cause of Marasmus?
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What health risks are associated with upper body obesity?
What health risks are associated with upper body obesity?
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What happens when amino acids are used for gluconeogenesis?
What happens when amino acids are used for gluconeogenesis?
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What is the major nutrient that provides energy in the diet?
What is the major nutrient that provides energy in the diet?
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Which process represents the energy expended in the absorption of food?
Which process represents the energy expended in the absorption of food?
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What does Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) represent?
What does Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) represent?
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Which macronutrient is the main energy source and is primarily found in starch, glycogen, and simple sugars?
Which macronutrient is the main energy source and is primarily found in starch, glycogen, and simple sugars?
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What is the measure of the speed at which blood glucose levels rise after consuming carbohydrates?
What is the measure of the speed at which blood glucose levels rise after consuming carbohydrates?
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Which macronutrient includes saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fats, and essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acid)?
Which macronutrient includes saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fats, and essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acid)?
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What is the daily amount required to maintain good health called?
What is the daily amount required to maintain good health called?
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What refers to the relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion?
What refers to the relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion?
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Which macronutrient provides the necessary amino acids for body protein renewal?
Which macronutrient provides the necessary amino acids for body protein renewal?
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Which macronutrient is emulsified by bile salts and hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipases?
Which macronutrient is emulsified by bile salts and hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipases?
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What is used to synthesize new proteins from amino acids?
What is used to synthesize new proteins from amino acids?
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What raises total blood cholesterol levels and LDL?
What raises total blood cholesterol levels and LDL?
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What is used for glucose synthesis during fasting?
What is used for glucose synthesis during fasting?
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What is a measure of protein quality that takes into account both the amino acid composition and the protein digestibility of a food?
What is a measure of protein quality that takes into account both the amino acid composition and the protein digestibility of a food?
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Which of the following is a measure of protein quality that takes into account both the amino acid composition and the protein digestibility of a food?
Which of the following is a measure of protein quality that takes into account both the amino acid composition and the protein digestibility of a food?
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What is the main energy source primarily found in starch, glycogen, and simple sugars?
What is the main energy source primarily found in starch, glycogen, and simple sugars?
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Which nutrient provides the necessary amino acids for body protein renewal?
Which nutrient provides the necessary amino acids for body protein renewal?
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What is the main factor used to determine protein quality?
What is the main factor used to determine protein quality?
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Which nutrient raises total blood cholesterol levels and LDL?
Which nutrient raises total blood cholesterol levels and LDL?
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$\text{RDA}$ stands for:
$\text{RDA}$ stands for:
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What measures the speed at which blood glucose levels rise after consuming carbohydrates?
What measures the speed at which blood glucose levels rise after consuming carbohydrates?
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What refers to the relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion in the body?
What refers to the relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion in the body?
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What is required for the synthesis of eicosenoids?
What is required for the synthesis of eicosenoids?
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What is used to synthesize new proteins in the body?
What is used to synthesize new proteins in the body?
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What nutrient can lead to wide swings in blood glucose levels if not consumed as complex carbohydrates?
What nutrient can lead to wide swings in blood glucose levels if not consumed as complex carbohydrates?
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Which of the following is a symptom of Kwashiorkor?
Which of the following is a symptom of Kwashiorkor?
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What is the main cause of Marasmus?
What is the main cause of Marasmus?
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Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble?
Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble?
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Which of the following is a function of retinol in the visual cycle?
Which of the following is a function of retinol in the visual cycle?
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Which vitamin is primarily involved in calcium homeostasis?
Which vitamin is primarily involved in calcium homeostasis?
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What is the active form of Vitamin D?
What is the active form of Vitamin D?
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What is the main function of calcitriol?
What is the main function of calcitriol?
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What is a symptom of Vitamin A deficiency?
What is a symptom of Vitamin A deficiency?
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What does Vitamin K deficiency lead to?
What does Vitamin K deficiency lead to?
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Which vitamin is a constituent of cofactors FAD and FMN, functioning as electron carriers for oxidoreductases?
Which vitamin is a constituent of cofactors FAD and FMN, functioning as electron carriers for oxidoreductases?
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Which vitamin is a cofactor in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and requires intrinsic factor for absorption in the stomach?
Which vitamin is a cofactor in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and requires intrinsic factor for absorption in the stomach?
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Which vitamin is a cofactor in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine, required for the production of mature collagen?
Which vitamin is a cofactor in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine, required for the production of mature collagen?
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Which vitamin's deficiency can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, marked by eye muscle weakness, poor muscular coordination, and memory loss?
Which vitamin's deficiency can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, marked by eye muscle weakness, poor muscular coordination, and memory loss?
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Which vitamin is a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and a TCA cycle enzyme?
Which vitamin is a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and a TCA cycle enzyme?
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Which vitamin's deficiency can lead to pellagra, characterized by dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea?
Which vitamin's deficiency can lead to pellagra, characterized by dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea?
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Study Notes
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Macronutrients are energy sources that include carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
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Essential nutrients include essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals
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Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) are the daily amounts required to maintain good health
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Carbohydrates are the main energy source and are primarily found in starch, glycogen, and simple sugars
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Glycemic index measures the speed at which blood glucose levels rise after consuming carbohydrates
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Lipids are essential for the body and include saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fats, and essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acid)
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Dietary proteins provide the necessary amino acids for body protein renewal
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Nitrogen balance refers to the relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion
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Protein quality is determined by its biologic value and its protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score
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Amino acids, products of protein digestion, are absorbed from the small intestine and are used to synthesize new proteins
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During fasting, amino acids from muscle are used to produce glucose via gluconeogenesis
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Saturated fat raises total blood cholesterol levels and LDL, trans fat increases cardiovascular risk, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats improve cholesterol levels and insulin sensitivity, essential fatty acids are required for the synthesis of eicosenoids
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Essential amino acids cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained from dietary sources
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The RDA for carbohydrates is around 360g, lipids around 80g, and proteins around 56g.
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Carbohydrates provide energy, are digested mainly by pancreatic amylase, and can lead to wide swings in blood glucose levels if not consumed as complex carbohydrates
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Lipids are emulsified by bile salts and hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipases, and can affect cholesterol levels depending on their saturation and the presence of trans fats
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Proteins provide the building blocks for body proteins and are digested and absorbed as amino acids
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Nitrogen balance is maintained by the body through the relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion.
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The ideal protein is egg white, with a biologic value of 100%
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The PDCAAS is a measure of protein quality that takes into account both the amino acid composition and the protein digestibility of a food.
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Amino acids enter the body via active transport mechanisms, and are used to synthesize new proteins.
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During fasting, muscle protein is degraded and the amino acids are exported from the muscle to be used for glucose synthesis.
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TPP is a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and a TCA cycle enzyme
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Thiamine deficiency results in beriberi, a disease characterized by neurological disorders, cardiomyopathy, muscle weakness, and weight loss
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Severe thiamine deficiency leads to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, marked by eye muscle weakness, poor muscular coordination, and memory loss, commonly observed in chronic alcoholism and can lead to coma and death if left untreated
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Riboflavin (B2) is a constituent of cofactors FAD and FMN, which function as electron carriers for oxidoreductases
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Niacin (B3) is a constituent of cofactors NAD+ and NADP+, required for electron transfer in oxidoreductases, and some can be synthesized endogenously
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Niacin deficiency leads to pellagra, a disease characterized by dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea
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Pyridoxine (B6) is a cofactor in the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase, which converts glutamic acid to GABA. Its deficiency can result from isoniazid treatment, which attaches to pyridoxine and inactivates pyridoxal phosphate, and from folic acid treatment, which inhibits pyridoxine phosphokinase
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Folate is a cofactor in the synthesis of nucleotides and methionine, and a folate deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects, and homocysteinemia
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Folate analogs, such as methotrexate, function as competitive inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, leading to impaired nucleotide synthesis and DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells
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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is a cofactor in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, requires intrinsic factor for absorption in the stomach, and deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia and neurological symptoms
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Vitamin C is a cofactor in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine, required for the production of mature collagen, and an antioxidant, and deficiency can lead to scurvy, characterized by weakness, anemia, and impaired wound healing
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Fat-soluble vitamins are associated with lipids and require normal lipid absorption mechanisms, and are stored in the liver and adipose tissue
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Vitamin A is important for growth, reproduction, immunity, and cell differentiation, has three active forms, and helps maintain healthy bones, skin, and mucous membranes
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Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, and vitamin B12 are essential vitamins that play crucial roles in various bodily functions, and deficiencies can lead to a range of diseases and symptoms.
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Description
Test your knowledge of nutrition basics with this quiz! Explore concepts such as the chemistry of foods, energy content, and their utilization in the body. Learn about the integral role of nutrition in preventing and treating diseases.
