MATURA ENGLISH: Food & Nutrition #1
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Questions and Answers

Which nutrient group is mainly responsible for providing energy to the body?

  • Minerals
  • Carbohydrates (correct)
  • Vitamins
  • Proteins
  • Which diet focuses on eating whole foods that are locally sourced and organic?

  • Mediterranean diet
  • Gluten-free diet
  • Plant-based diet
  • Sustainable agriculture diet (correct)
  • What is a common characteristic of functional foods?

  • They are only found in processed forms
  • They contain added sugar
  • They are exclusively plant-based
  • They provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition (correct)
  • Which vitamin is essential for maintaining healthy bones and can be obtained from sunlight?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a gluten-free diet primarily exclude?

    <p>Wheat and gluten-containing grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor contributing to food deserts?

    <p>Limited access to affordable healthy food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macronutrient is most critical for muscle repair and growth?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients is especially important for maintaining healthy nerve function?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fat is most associated with an increased risk of heart disease?

    <p>Trans fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary focus in sports nutrition?

    <p>Carbohydrate loading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of antioxidants in the body?

    <p>Protect against oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is crucial for oxygen transport in the blood?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mindful eating emphasize?

    <p>Awareness of hunger and satiety cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most likely to influence food cravings?

    <p>Hormonal changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of emotional eating?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diet is characterized by high lipid intake and low carbohydrate intake?

    <p>Ketogenic diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of nutrients is primarily responsible for body repair and growth?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of dietary guidelines?

    <p>Encourage healthy eating habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice contributes to sustainable agriculture?

    <p>Crop rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of food allergies?

    <p>Immediate immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) primarily designed to do?

    <p>Meet the nutritional needs of almost all healthy individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)?

    <p>To expand upon the previous RDAs with a broader range of recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year were the first Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) published?

    <p>1943</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)?

    <p>Determine the pricing of food in grocery stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major issue is often linked to poor nutrition?

    <p>Inadequate understanding of nutritional requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Dietary Reference Value (DRV) addresses the nutritional needs of 95% of the population?

    <p>Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance represents the main structural material for proteins?

    <p>Nitrogen-containing amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of nutrients do vitamins and minerals belong to?

    <p>Micronutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrates is characterized by having three or more sugar units?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why essential nutrients must be obtained from food?

    <p>The body cannot synthesize them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of cooking starch in the presence of water?

    <p>It breaks down the starch granule, releasing glucose chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are saturated and unsaturated fats primarily differentiated?

    <p>By the number of double bonds in their fatty acid chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fatty acids are essential for human health and must be included in the diet?

    <p>Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of dietary fiber in the digestive system?

    <p>To slow down the absorption of sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding trans fats?

    <p>They are created through partial hydrogenation processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of butyrate in the body?

    <p>It serves as an energy source for colon cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes a complete protein from an incomplete protein?

    <p>Contains all essential amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can lead to some amino acids being classified as conditionally essential?

    <p>Special pathophysiological conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial recommendation for water intake provided by the Food and Nutrition Board in 1945?

    <p>One milliliter for each calorie consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total daily water intake typically comes from beverages?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much additional water should pregnant women consume daily compared to non-pregnant women?

    <p>300 mL/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can drinking excessive amounts of water lead to?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common causes of malnutrition in developed countries?

    <p>Excessive consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about trace minerals?

    <p>They play a catalytic role in enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in the dietary recommendations for breastfeeding women?

    <p>Increase in water intake by 700 mL/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant consequence of iron deficiency during child development?

    <p>Reduced productivity in adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Vitamin A play in children's health?

    <p>Assists in immune system development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What public health issue is linked to iodine deficiency?

    <p>Improper thyroid hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can threaten the wellness of children related to their mothers?

    <p>Lack of exclusive breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychiatric disorder is associated with the highest mortality rate among young women?

    <p>Anorexia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of deaths in children under five worldwide is attributed to undernutrition?

    <p>53%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gut flora phyla is NOT mentioned as one of the dominant types in humans?

    <p>Acidobacteriota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a significant public health emergency related to child nutrition?

    <p>Stunted growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds has not been proven to be essential for human nutrition?

    <p>Polyphenols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major factor contributes to undernutrition in young children?

    <p>Illnesses such as diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence for children born with low birth weight?

    <p>Higher chances of stunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is a significant determinant of stunting in children?

    <p>Infant and child feeding quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experienced an increase in undernourishment since 1990?

    <p>Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major trend related to obesity was observed worldwide from 1980 to 2008?

    <p>Obesity prevalence doubled among adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical health issue is strongly associated with iron deficiency in children?

    <p>Cognitive developmental delays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the body?

    <p>Aids in collagen formation and enhances iron absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the method by which bacteria multiply?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a balanced diet provide?

    <p>Adequate amounts of all nutrients in appropriate proportions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'best-before' date indicate about food products?

    <p>Quality of the product may decline after the date, but it can still be safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is generally linked to being overweight and usually presents in adulthood?

    <p>Diabetes (Type 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is associated with the development of beriberi when deficient?

    <p>Vitamin B1 (thiamin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of allergens being clearly labeled in food products?

    <p>To ensure safety for susceptible individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in the body?

    <p>To regulate chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the transformation of starch to dextrin through dry heat?

    <p>Dextrinisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is active absorption in the context of digestion?

    <p>The method of transporting nutrients utilizing energy and carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines acidulation?

    <p>Making a substance more acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is primarily responsible for the hard outer layer of a tooth?

    <p>Enamel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an essential fatty acid?

    <p>A fatty acid that must be obtained from the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of amylase in the digestive system?

    <p>To facilitate starch digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes aflatoxins in relation to food safety?

    <p>They are known carcinogens produced by specific molds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the temperatures between 5-63°C where bacteria will most readily multiply?

    <p>Danger zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately defines coronary heart disease (CHD)?

    <p>A term covering angina, heart attack, and sudden death caused by artery blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological condition called when the body has lost more fluids than it has taken in?

    <p>Dehydration (body)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the semi-liquid, partially digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine?

    <p>Chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is described by the immune system attacking its tissues upon gluten intake?

    <p>Celiac disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins can be stored in the liver and fatty tissue until needed?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is primarily responsible for producing alcohol and carbon dioxide from sugars?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of food additives known as flavour enhancers?

    <p>To bring out the flavour of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate is resistant to digestion and typically found in plant foods?

    <p>Fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of food spoilage?

    <p>Food becoming unfit to eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

    <p>To control glucose levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of low biological value (LBV) proteins?

    <p>They lack one or more indispensable amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of lactose intolerance?

    <p>Inability to digest lactose leading to digestive discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of thickening a mixture of starch in liquid when heated called?

    <p>Gelatinisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does genetic modification refer to?

    <p>Inserting genetic material into an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of irradiation in food processing?

    <p>To delay ripening and inhibit sprouting of produce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by insufficient iron in the body?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily responsible for the elasticity of dough?

    <p>Glutenin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lymphatic system in the body?

    <p>Carrying absorbed fats and water to the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stored form of glucose in the body called?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'kilocalories (kcal)' primarily measure?

    <p>Energy content in food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a systematic process to assess hazards in food manufacturing?

    <p>HAACP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haem iron is absorbed more readily by the body than which type of iron?

    <p>Non-haem iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the body is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon called when sugar is detected in urine?

    <p>Glycosuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of eating fatty foods?

    <p>Increased risk of developing heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'obesity'?

    <p>The unhealthy condition of being very fat or overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'nutritious' mean?

    <p>Providing nourishing substances essential for health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food characteristic best describes 'tasteless'?

    <p>Lacking flavor and taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'ingredients' refer to in cooking?

    <p>All the foods used to make a dish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of kitchenware?

    <p>To prepare food during cooking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a menu provide in a dining context?

    <p>A list of foods and drinks served</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of food falls under the category of 'seafood'?

    <p>Fish and any marine products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of junk food?

    <p>Contains unhealthy levels of fat, salt, or sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of food is categorized as poultry?

    <p>Birds consumed as food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an appetizer in a meal?

    <p>To prepare the palate for the main course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'cuisine' refer to?

    <p>A cooking style from a specific country or region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the term 'bland' used to describe food?

    <p>Food that lacks strong taste or flavor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a dairy product?

    <p>Yoghurt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'grilling' refer to in cooking?

    <p>Cooking food just above or below a heat source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dish type typically comes at the end of a meal?

    <p>Dessert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'flavour' represent in the context of food?

    <p>The taste experience when consuming food or drink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'fry' mean in culinary terms?

    <p>To cook in hot oil or fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cutlery items used for?

    <p>Consuming food during a meal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically meant by the term 'course' in a meal?

    <p>One part of a multi-part meal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes organisms that utilize inorganic compounds as electron donors?

    <p>Lithotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism requires organic compounds as electron donors and utilizes light energy?

    <p>Photoorganotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is considered the immediate source of energy for all organisms?

    <p>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do animals classify in terms of energy and electron donor utilization?

    <p>Chemoorganotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'photolithotrophic' organisms?

    <p>Require light and use inorganic compounds as electron donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ATP when it breaks down to provide energy for work in an organism?

    <p>It transforms into adenosine diphosphate (ADP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding energy measurement in organisms?

    <p>Energy requirements of organisms can be measured in joules or calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of energy source would plants be classified under?

    <p>Photolithotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms can be referred to as organotrophic?

    <p>Organisms utilizing organic compounds for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound forms from ATP after it provides energy?

    <p>Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of food in living organisms?

    <p>To supply energy and materials for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which category would organisms that require only inorganic compounds for growth be classified?

    <p>Autotrophic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do phototrophic organisms primarily utilize for energy transformation?

    <p>Light energy from the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food group is NOT represented in the MyPlate dietary guidelines?

    <p>Sweets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chemoautotrophic organisms from other types?

    <p>They rely on inorganic compounds for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the role of nutrients in living cells?

    <p>They serve as building blocks and energy sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food group has a recommended proportion represented by a small blue circle in MyPlate?

    <p>Dairy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrients must autotrophic organisms convert from their surroundings?

    <p>Inorganic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do heterotrophic organisms differ from autotrophic organisms?

    <p>They obtain nutrients from both inorganic and organic sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic food groups represented in MyPlate?

    <p>Oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a healthy diet?

    <p>A balanced diet that contains the right amounts of all food groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an unhealthy or imbalanced diet?

    <p>Eating excessive portions from any food group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about understanding nutrition is true?

    <p>What is known about nutrition changes as more research is conducted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For personalized dietary advice, who is recommended to consult?

    <p>A dietitian or a doctor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a balanced diet?

    <p>It includes a variety of foods from all food groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do dietary habits play in overall well-being?

    <p>They significantly influence health and longevity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diets specifically avoids food from animal sources?

    <p>Veganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about complete nutrition is true?

    <p>It includes vitamins and minerals as essential components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of changing a person's dietary intake?

    <p>Altered energy balance affecting fat storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary approach focuses on eating minimally processed foods?

    <p>Raw foodism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT significantly influence dietary choices?

    <p>Time of day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of exclusionary diets?

    <p>They avoid specific types or groups of foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about dietary recommendations is accurate?

    <p>They emphasize culturally appropriate balanced diets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of maintaining a healthy diet?

    <p>It can enhance both mental and physical health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is particularly important for people on a vegetarian or vegan diet to focus on?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issues can potentially be prevented by adopting a diet that allows a person to burn more calories than they consume?

    <p>Heart disease and diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common potential consequence of rapid weight loss or gain?

    <p>Increased risk of eating disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common eating disorder?

    <p>Hyperphagia disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does agriculture contribute to environmental degradation?

    <p>By causing soil degradation and pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal dietary practice according to Hindu beliefs?

    <p>Strict vegetarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the dietary restrictions in Judaism?

    <p>Only Kosher foods are permitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the broader food system have on greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>It accounts for around one-quarter of emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is most likely to strictly avoid root vegetables?

    <p>Jains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that leads to unintentional rapid weight changes?

    <p>Body's response to medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is commonly associated with a more sustainable food system?

    <p>Growing food through sustainable practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Macronutrients & Micronutrients

    • Macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts. Examples include protein, carbohydrates, and fats.
    • Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts. Examples include vitamins and minerals.

    Essential Nutrients

    • Protein: Builds and repairs tissues, crucial for growth and maintenance.
    • Carbohydrates: Provide energy; simple (sugars) and complex (starches).
    • Fats: Essential for hormone production, insulation, and nutrient absorption. Includes saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats.
    • Fiber: Aids digestion, helps regulate bowel movements, and keeps blood sugar stable.

    Vitamins & Minerals

    • Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients essential for various bodily functions.
    • Specific vitamins and minerals include Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, calcium, and Iron.

    Dietary Patterns & Habits

    • Balanced Diet: Includes a variety of foods from all food groups for optimal health.

    • Plant-Based Diet: Emphasis on plant-derived foods, like vegetarianism and veganism.

    • Mediterranean Diet: Typically focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and healthy fats.

    • Gluten-Free Diet: Excludes gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

    • Lactose Intolerance: Inability to digest lactose, a sugar in milk and dairy products.

    • Food Allergies/Intolerances: Reactions to certain foods.

    • Food portion sizes, food storage, meal planning, food preparation techniques, cooking methods, food preservation, and food waste reduction are all key aspects of mindful eating.

    • Sustainable agriculture and locally sourced food support environmental friendliness.

    Dietary Concerns & Conditions

    • Food allergies and food intolerances are reactions to specific foods requiring careful attention.
    • Obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure often have links to poor nutrition.
    • Eating disorders can be a significant nutritional concern. These may involve disordered eating habits, extreme weight loss, or binge-purge cycles.

    Nutritional Needs Across Lifecycles

    • Nutritional needs differ across the lifespan (infant, child, adolescent, adult, older adult).
    • Pregnancy and breastfeeding require specific nutritional attention during these periods.

    Nutrition and Health

    • Hydration is essential for many bodily functions. Water intake is crucial.
    • Sugar intake, salt intake, and trans fats should be managed for a healthy diet.
    • Cholesterol and Omega-3 fatty acids impact cardiovascular health.
    • Cognitive function and nutrition are linked.
    • Sports nutrition focuses on dietary needs for athletes.

    Additional Concepts

    • Food additives: Substances added to food for various reasons.
    • Food processing: Techniques used in the food industry.
    • Food safety: Practices to ensure food is safe for consumption.
    • Foodborne illnesses: Diseases caused by contaminated food.
    • GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms): Organisms with altered genetic material.
    • Superfoods: Foods with potential health benefits beyond their nutritional value (e.g., antioxidants, probiotics, prebiotics).
    • Nutritional supplements: Products supplementing the diet offering targeted vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients.
    • Food marketing: includes strategies to influence consumer food choices.
    • Nutritional education and school lunch programs are key aspects of public health initiatives.
    • Community gardens and food assistance programs can help promote healthy eating and alleviate food insecurity.
    • Food security and hunger and malnutrition are global issues.
    • Food industry regulations and food labeling regulations aim to protect consumers.
    • Food and nutrition trends, such as plant-based meat alternatives and functional beverages, are noteworthy shifts impacting food choices.
    • Nutrigenomics is the study of how genes interact with nutrients.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts about macronutrients and micronutrients, including their roles and importance in the diet. Learn about proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals, and how they contribute to overall health. Aimed at anyone wanting to understand nutrition better.

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