Nutrition Basics

Study Notes

Types of Nutrition:
- Autotrophic: Producing own food through photosynthesis (plants)
- Heterotrophic: Obtaining food from other sources (animals, fungi, etc.)
Modes of Nutrition:
- Holozoic: Ingesting solid food particles (animals)
- Saprotrophic: Obtaining nutrients by breaking down dead organic matter (fungi, bacteria)
- Parasitic: Obtaining nutrients from another living organism (parasites)
Nutrition in Humans:
- Mouth: Mechanical digestion of food
- Stomach: Chemical digestion of proteins
- Small Intestine: Absorption of nutrients
- Large Intestine: Absorption of water and electrolytes

Cellular Respiration:
- Aerobic Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)
- Anaerobic Respiration: Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy (ATP) (in muscle cells)
Human Respiratory System:
- Nose and Mouth: Air intake
- Trachea: Air passage
- Bronchi: Branching airways
- Lungs: Gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)
- Diaphragm: Muscle for breathing

Human Circulatory System:
- Heart: Pumping blood throughout the body
- Arteries: Carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart
- Veins: Carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart
- Capillaries: Site of gas and nutrient exchange
Blood Components:
- Plasma: Liquid portion of blood
- Red Blood Cells: Carrying oxygen
- White Blood Cells: Fighting infections
- Platelets: Blood clotting

Human Excretory System:
- Kidneys: Filtering waste and excess substances from blood
- Ureters: Transporting urine from kidneys to bladder
- Bladder: Storing urine
- Urethra: Eliminating urine from the body
Waste Removal:
- Urine: Liquid waste removal
- Feces: Solid waste removal
- Sweat: Excess water and ions removal

Nervous System:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves connecting CNS to body
Endocrine System:
- Glands producing hormones for regulation
- Examples: Insulin (glucose regulation), Adrenaline (stress response)

Autotrophic nutrition: plants produce their own food through photosynthesis
Heterotrophic nutrition: animals, fungi, etc. obtain food from other sources
Holozoic nutrition: animals ingest solid food particles
Saprotrophic nutrition: fungi and bacteria break down dead organic matter for nutrients
Parasitic nutrition: parasites obtain nutrients from another living organism

Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves connecting CNS to body
Endocrine glands: produce hormones for regulation
Examples of hormones: insulin (glucose regulation), adrenaline (stress response)