Nutrition and Vitamins Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What condition may result from a deficiency in vitamin A?

  • Enhanced skin moisture
  • Permanent blindness (correct)
  • Improved vision
  • Increased skin elasticity

    • What is the role of antioxidants in combating free radicals?

  • They create more free radicals.
  • They convert cholesterol into active vitamin D.
  • They donate electrons to stabilize free radicals. (correct)
  • They absorb harmful UV light.

    • What inhibits the synthesis of vitamin D?

  • Blockage of UV radiation (correct)
  • Consumption of dairy products
  • Exposure to sunlight
  • Increase in cholesterol levels

    • What is the primary function of resistance exercise in relation to protein?

    <p>It facilitates the utilization of protein for muscle development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vitamin D aid in calcium absorption?

    <p>It increases bioavailability of calcium in the intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor(s) are linked to the risk of developing food allergies?

    <p>Genetics and food preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of vitamin E deficiency?

    <p>Increased risk of red blood cell rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the villi in the presence of gluten for individuals with celiac disease?

    <p>They are damaged but can regenerate once gluten is removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of vitamin K in the human body?

    <p>Bacteria in the large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a high-quality protein from a low-quality protein?

    <p>High-quality proteins contain all essential amino acids and are well absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial inactive form of vitamin D that is produced in the skin after UV exposure?

    <p>Cholecalciferol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) of protein per kg of body weight?

    <p>0.66 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to calcium absorption when vitamin D is lacking?

    <p>Absorption only reaches 10-15%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is protein complementation?

    <p>Combining different plant-based proteins to achieve a complete amino acid profile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about vitamins is correct?

    <p>Vitamins are essential non-energy yielding micronutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes enrichment from fortification when it comes to food?

    <p>Enrichment adds nutrients lost during refinement, while fortification adds supplementary nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin solubility classification includes vitamins A, D, E, and K?

    <p>Fat soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does not affect the bioavailability of vitamins?

    <p>Color of the food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cooking carrots affect beta-carotene absorption?

    <p>Increases absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Vitamin A in the body?

    <p>Antioxidant defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mucus play in the body?

    <p>Lubricates and protects tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes cell differentiation?

    <p>The process where cells form an identity after division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to epithelial cells when there is a Vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>They develop rigidity and lose function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enhances the absorption of beta-carotene in the small intestine?

    <p>Gallbladder bile release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of ATP synthesis in cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT involved in the structure of ATP?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

    <p>Other people's BMR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process breaks down ATP to release energy?

    <p>ATP hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of chemical energy from glucose is stored in ATP during synthesis?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the thermic effect of food (TEF)?

    <p>Requires energy for digestion and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells would likely have the highest number of mitochondria?

    <p>Muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated daily regeneration of ATP in the human body?

    <p>100-150 moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial function of Vitamin K in newborns?

    <p>Blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deficiency is caused by a lack of Thiamin (B1)?

    <p>Beriberi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis and bone formation?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin-rich food is poorly utilized without treatment with lime water?

    <p>Corn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of Vitamin B12 in the body?

    <p>Supports nerve health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom associated with a deficiency of Niacin (B3)?

    <p>Dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with a lack of intrinsic factor in adults?

    <p>Pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is considered the most abundant trace mineral in the human body?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of water-soluble vitamin deficiencies?

    <p>Diet high in processed foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does soft water impact hypertension?

    <p>Exacerbates hypertension due to high sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does calcium play in neural communication?

    <p>It facilitates neurotransmitter release by flooding into neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium homeostasis?

    <p>PTH plays a critical role in maintaining blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is primarily found inside red blood cells (RBC) and is essential for oxygen transport?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from excessive phosphorus intake from processed foods?

    <p>Dental issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient's deficiency is linked to cretinism, a severe developmental disorder?

    <p>Iodide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary component is crucial for blood pressure control according to the DASH diet?

    <p>Increased potassium and magnesium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the movement of water toward areas of higher solute concentration?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anemia can primarily result from low levels of which mineral?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which micronutrient can reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer and is dependent on geographic location?

    <p>Selenium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of kidneys in the body?

    <p>Waste elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential symptom of water toxicity, or hyponatremia?

    <p>Severe headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is important for forming hydroxyapatite crystals in bones?

    <p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of metabolism, what does anabolism refer to?

    <p>Synthesizing complex compounds from simpler ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy currency of the cell?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 2: DRIs

    • Reference values estimate nutrient intake for planning and assessing diets for healthy people.
    • Historically, these values were used to reduce the risk of deficiency diseases; today, the focus is on chronic diet-related diseases.
    • Two groups of standards:
      • EAR, RDA, AI, UL for energy and macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)
      • EAR: Estimated average requirement (intake level required for half of healthy people in a given group, specific to life stage/gender)
      • RDA: Recommended dietary allowance (intake level sufficient for 98% of healthy individuals in a given group)
      • AI: Adequate intake (based on healthy population group in a population; AI is higher than EAR)
      • UL: Tolerable upper intake level (highest daily intake likely to be safe).
    • Nutrient needs differ by gender and life stage.
    • Example: Iron intake for women varies by age and pregnancy.

    Chapter 3: Atoms to Compounds

    • 25% of elements on the periodic table are essential for life.
    • Matter is anything that takes up space.
    • The smallest unit of matter is the atom.
    • Atoms form molecules through chemical bonds.
    • Molecules are either elements or compounds.
    • Atoms consist of protons, neutrons (neutral charge), and electrons.
    • Atoms with a full valence shell (8 electrons) are chemically inert.
    • Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
    • Ionic bonds form when atoms transfer electrons.
    • Solutions are mixtures of two or more substances, where the solvent is the primary component and the solute is the lesser component.

    Chapter 4: Carbohydrates

    • Simple carbohydrates include monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) and disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose).
    • Monosaccharides have different degrees of sweetness depending on the arrangement of atoms.
    • Glucose is the most important simple sugar for energy in the body, especially for red blood cells and nervous system cells.
    • Starch is a complex carbohydrate that plants use to store energy.
    • Starch comes in different forms (amylose, amylopectin) that influence the digestion rate.
    • Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that animals use to store glucose and is found in the liver and muscles.
    • Dietary fiber comes from plant cell walls and is insoluble or soluble; soluble fiber influences how the body handles glucose and cholesterol, while insoluble fiber helps with digestion.
    • Alternative sweeteners are synthetic compounds that taste sweet but provide no energy.

    Chapter 5: Lipids

    • Lipids are important for flavor, palatability, and the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals.
    • They also contribute to satiety (feeling full).
    • Types of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
    • Fatty acids have carbon chains with methyl and carboxyl groups; saturated fatty acids have only single bonds and unsaturated have double bonds (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated).
    • Lipids are the primary energy source stored in the body for prolonged periods.
    • Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes.
    • Cholesterol is crucial for hormones and vitamin D production and is not a source of energy.
    • Trans fatty acids are produced through an industrial process and have a different chemical structure.

    Chapter 6: Proteins

    • Proteins are macromolecules made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
    • Proteins are necessary for energy production and building and repairing tissues in the body.
    • Twenty different amino acids are found in proteins.
    • Essential amino acids are those that our bodies need to obtain from food.
    • Protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids. The shape is essential for function.
    • Denatured proteins lose their shape and function when their environment changes.

    Chapter 7: Vitamins

    • Vitamins are essential nutrients for our bodies.
    • They are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble depending on how they are stored and absorbed.
    • Vitamins are divided into two categories: water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.
    • Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and not stored in the body, therefore must be regularly consumed .
    • Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fat tissues and do not need frequent consumption.

    Chapter 8: Minerals

    • Human bodies require 7 major and 8 trace minerals
    • Minerals are essential for various bodily functions, including:
    • Bone health
    • Neural communication
    • Fluid balance
    • Blood pressure regulation
    • The majority of minerals are found in body fluids (intracellular and extracellular), as well as bones and other tissues.

    Chapter 9: Water

    • Water is a crucial component of the human body.
    • It is essential for a number of bodily functions.
    • It is involved in maintaining fluid balance, temperature regulation, digestion, and transportation of nutrients and waste.
    • Water is lost through excretion, evaporation, respiration, and other processes.
    • When we are dehydrated, we lose water from the body.
    • Water toxicity can occur when excessive plain water consumption occurs.
    • Kidneys play a key role in maintaining water balance.

    Additional Notes (general)

    • The study notes for each chapter contain essential information about structures, functions, classifications, and examples.

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    BIOL 203 Final Exam Review PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on vitamins and their roles in human nutrition. This quiz covers deficiencies, functions, and the effects of various vitamins on health. Additionally, learn about protein quality and the impact of exercise on nutrition.

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