Nutrition and Pharmacology Quiz

A deficiency in Vitamin B12 can cause macrocytic anemia. This can happen due to decreased intrinsic factor, which is more common in individuals over 50 or those taking metformin.

Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) supplementation is essential for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy.

Calcium and Vitamin D play a crucial role in maintaining strong bones and preventing osteoporosis.

Iron deficiency leads to microcytic anemia. Iron is essential for the production of red blood cells.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential cofactor in mitochondrial ATP production. It is also used to reduce statin-associated adverse effects.

Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) which are beneficial for lowering triglycerides and managing inflammation.

Red Yeast Rice is a natural source of compounds structurally similar to statins, used to lower cholesterol levels.

Niacin (vitamin B3) acts as a precursor for NAD & NADP, which are essential for mitochondrial redox reactions. It is often used to lower cholesterol levels.

A plant extract known for its use in treating depression, anxiety, and OCD.

A plant root traditionally used to promote relaxation and sleep, typically for insomnia and anxiety.

A plant extract with psychoactive effects, often used for anxiety and as a ceremonial tranquilizer in the Pacific Islands. It has been known to cause severe liver damage.

A plant extract with both stimulant and opioid-like effects, often used for energy and pain relief, but can also cause dependence and adverse effects.

A naturally occurring compound found in cannabis, often used for pain relief, anxiety, and sleep. It became more popular after the 2018 Farm Bill.

A plant extract often used to prevent and treat colds, potentially shortening the duration of infection.

A plant extract, often in berry form, used for its potential immune-boosting and antiviral properties.

A crucial nutrient for immune function, commonly found in citrus fruits and used to prevent and treat colds.

A mineral essential for immune function and wound healing, often used to prevent and treat colds.

Live microorganisms, primarily bacteria, that have a beneficial effect on the host organism, often used to restore gut flora balance.

A supplement often used to treat osteoarthritis, stimulating cartilage and synovial fluid production.

A plant extract often used to treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), inhibiting a hormone responsible for prostate growth.

A plant extract traditionally used to alleviate symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), dysmenorrhea, and menopause.

An oil extracted from a flowering plant, often used to treat PMS and menopause.

A medication used to treat acne and warts, but the concentration used varies significantly.

Phase I trials focus on safety, pharmacodynamics (PD), and pharmacokinetics (PK) of a new drug. They are typically conducted on healthy volunteers and aim to determine the drug's safety profile, optimal dose, and how it is processed by the body.

Phase II trials evaluate the safety and efficacy of a drug in a specific population with the disease of interest. They aim to determine the drug's effectiveness and identify the optimal dose range.

Phase III trials, the largest clinical trials, assess the safety and efficacy of a drug in a wide range of intended populations. They aim to confirm efficacy, determine the optimal dose for different patient groups, and gather data for labeling.

Bioavailability refers to the fraction of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation from the site of administration. It's calculated as the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC).

The ISMP (Institute for Safe Medication Practices) emphasizes using leading zeros before the decimal point for doses less than one whole unit, and avoiding trailing zeros for whole number doses. This helps prevent medication errors.

A type of bacteria that is characterized by its ability to retain the crystal violet stain during the Gram staining process.

A spherical or round-shaped bacteria.

A type of bacteria responsible for causing skin infections, such as boils, impetigo, and cellulitis.

An antibiotic that effectively treats infections caused by Staphylococcus Aureus.

A type of antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of bacteria, often used to treat skin infections.

A type of bacteria that is commonly found on the skin and can sometimes cause skin infections.

A process of reconstituting a medication from powder form to a liquid solution for administration.

The time period within which a reconstituted medication remains effective for administration.

A condition characterized by an ear infection in the middle ear.

An antibiotic commonly prescribed for ear infections in children.

The rate at which a drug is removed from the body's plasma over a given time. It's a measure of how efficiently the body eliminates a drug.

The state where the rate of drug intake is equal to the rate of drug elimination, resulting in a stable concentration of the drug in the body.

The most prevalent CYP450 enzyme in adults, responsible for metabolizing a wide range of drugs and compounds.

Drugs that enhance the activity of CYP450 enzymes, leading to faster metabolism of other drugs.

A group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the metabolism of many drugs. They convert drugs into forms that can be more easily eliminated from the body.

Acetaminophen's mechanism of action involves inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system, thus reducing pain and fever.

Acetaminophen overdose can lead to liver damage. This is because acetaminophen is metabolized by CYP450 enzymes, producing a toxic intermediate that can overwhelm the liver's detoxification mechanisms.

N-acetylcysteine is an antidote for acetaminophen overdose, it helps replenish the body's glutathione levels which are essential for detoxification.

Ibuprofen's mechanism of action involves inhibiting the production of prostaglandins by blocking cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, both centrally and peripherally. This leads to pain relief and reduction of inflammation.

NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding, increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes, and may lead to kidney problems. They can also interact with other medications, potentially leading to adverse effects.

Aspirin's mechanism of action involves inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid by blocking both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.

Prostaglandin analogs increase the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye, thus reducing intraocular pressure.

Beta-blockers reduce the production of aqueous humor in the eye, leading to a decrease in intraocular pressure.

Cholinergic drugs, also known as miotics, increase the outflow of aqueous humor by constricting the pupil, thus lowering intraocular pressure.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce the production of aqueous humor in the eye by blocking the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, leading to a decrease in intraocular pressure.