Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following vitamins is primarily associated with the reduction of neural tube defects?
Which of the following vitamins is primarily associated with the reduction of neural tube defects?
What is a primary mechanism of action of Coenzyme Q10?
What is a primary mechanism of action of Coenzyme Q10?
A patient with hypertriglyceridemia might benefit from a supplement rich in which of the following substances?
A patient with hypertriglyceridemia might benefit from a supplement rich in which of the following substances?
Which of these herbal supplements is purported to have neuroprotective properties and is considered for use in Alzheimer’s disease?
Which of these herbal supplements is purported to have neuroprotective properties and is considered for use in Alzheimer’s disease?
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Which common disorder is typically treated with Vitamin D supplementation alongside Calcium?
Which common disorder is typically treated with Vitamin D supplementation alongside Calcium?
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A patient with macrocytic anemia might have a deficiency in which of the following?
A patient with macrocytic anemia might have a deficiency in which of the following?
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Which supplement is primarily used to address sleep disturbances and jetlag?
Which supplement is primarily used to address sleep disturbances and jetlag?
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Which vitamin is often used topically to minimize scar appearance?
Which vitamin is often used topically to minimize scar appearance?
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What is the primary purpose of Phase I trials?
What is the primary purpose of Phase I trials?
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Which medication is NOT considered a strong inhibitor of G PACMAN?
Which medication is NOT considered a strong inhibitor of G PACMAN?
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What does bioavailability refer to in pharmacology?
What does bioavailability refer to in pharmacology?
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Which of the following practices is recommended to avoid medication errors?
Which of the following practices is recommended to avoid medication errors?
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In Phase II trials, what is primarily being assessed in addition to safety?
In Phase II trials, what is primarily being assessed in addition to safety?
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A patient is prescribed an oral solution with a concentration of 25 mg/mL. The recommended dosage is 10 mg/kg/day. If the patient weighs 150 lbs, what is the maximum daily dose in mL, if the medication will be taken twice a day?
A patient is prescribed an oral solution with a concentration of 25 mg/mL. The recommended dosage is 10 mg/kg/day. If the patient weighs 150 lbs, what is the maximum daily dose in mL, if the medication will be taken twice a day?
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Which of the following is the mechanism of action for prostaglandin analog medications used in glaucoma treatment?
Which of the following is the mechanism of action for prostaglandin analog medications used in glaucoma treatment?
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Which medication used to treat glaucoma is contraindicated in patients with a heart block?
Which medication used to treat glaucoma is contraindicated in patients with a heart block?
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A patient using an ophthalmic solution containing benzalkonium chloride (BAK) should be instructed to wait how long before reinserting their contact lenses?
A patient using an ophthalmic solution containing benzalkonium chloride (BAK) should be instructed to wait how long before reinserting their contact lenses?
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Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with the use of cholinergic (miotic) medications for glaucoma?
Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with the use of cholinergic (miotic) medications for glaucoma?
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Which of the following best describes the definition of steady state in pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following best describes the definition of steady state in pharmacokinetics?
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Which of the following glaucoma medications works by increasing aqueous humor outflow and reducing aqueous humor production?
Which of the following glaucoma medications works by increasing aqueous humor outflow and reducing aqueous humor production?
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A patient is taking ibuprofen for pain. They also have a prescription for methotrexate. What is the concern of using these medications concurrently?
A patient is taking ibuprofen for pain. They also have a prescription for methotrexate. What is the concern of using these medications concurrently?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of aspirin?
Which of the following is a common side effect of aspirin?
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A patient on acetaminophen is at risk of hepatotoxicity. Which of the following describes the metabolic process that creates the toxic intermediate?
A patient on acetaminophen is at risk of hepatotoxicity. Which of the following describes the metabolic process that creates the toxic intermediate?
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What is the treatment for acetaminophen overdose?
What is the treatment for acetaminophen overdose?
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Which of the following is a strong inducer of the CYP450 enzyme system?
Which of the following is a strong inducer of the CYP450 enzyme system?
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Which of the following should patients be counseled on when instilling ear drops?
Which of the following should patients be counseled on when instilling ear drops?
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Which of the following glaucoma drugs inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to reduce aqueous humor production?
Which of the following glaucoma drugs inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to reduce aqueous humor production?
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Which of the following drugs inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes?
Which of the following drugs inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes?
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A patient reports using kava for its calming effects. What is a potential serious adverse effect associated with kava use?
A patient reports using kava for its calming effects. What is a potential serious adverse effect associated with kava use?
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A patient with a history of hypertension is seeking a nasal decongestant. Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate recommendation?
A patient with a history of hypertension is seeking a nasal decongestant. Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate recommendation?
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A woman in her third trimester of pregnancy complains of a headache. Which of the following over-the-counter analgesics should she absolutely avoid?
A woman in her third trimester of pregnancy complains of a headache. Which of the following over-the-counter analgesics should she absolutely avoid?
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A patient with heartburn is using an antacid containing aluminum hydroxide. What is a likely side effect they may experience?
A patient with heartburn is using an antacid containing aluminum hydroxide. What is a likely side effect they may experience?
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Which of the following medications is associated with antiandrogenic effects such as decreased libido and gynecomastia?
Which of the following medications is associated with antiandrogenic effects such as decreased libido and gynecomastia?
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A patient taking clopidogrel is prescribed a medication for heartburn. Which of the following heartburn medications has a significant drug interaction with clopidogrel?
A patient taking clopidogrel is prescribed a medication for heartburn. Which of the following heartburn medications has a significant drug interaction with clopidogrel?
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A patient is using intranasal corticosteroids for allergies. Which of the following is a potential long-term side effect associated with this medication?
A patient is using intranasal corticosteroids for allergies. Which of the following is a potential long-term side effect associated with this medication?
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A patient is taking dextromethorphan for a cough. They also take fluoxetine for depression. What is a potential concern with this combination?
A patient is taking dextromethorphan for a cough. They also take fluoxetine for depression. What is a potential concern with this combination?
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A patient with osteoarthritis is considering using glucosamine and chondroitin. What is the primary mechanism of action of these supplements?
A patient with osteoarthritis is considering using glucosamine and chondroitin. What is the primary mechanism of action of these supplements?
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A pregnant patient with severe nasal congestion is looking for a nasal decongestant. Which option is considered the safest first-line nasal decongestant for use during pregnancy?
A pregnant patient with severe nasal congestion is looking for a nasal decongestant. Which option is considered the safest first-line nasal decongestant for use during pregnancy?
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A patient is using a combination product containing guaifenesin and pseudoephedrine. What is a potential concern, particularly with regards to the pseudoephedrine component?
A patient is using a combination product containing guaifenesin and pseudoephedrine. What is a potential concern, particularly with regards to the pseudoephedrine component?
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What is the primary risk associated with the use of oxymetazoline (Afrin) for more than 3 consecutive days?
What is the primary risk associated with the use of oxymetazoline (Afrin) for more than 3 consecutive days?
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Which herbal supplement is primarily used for symptoms related to BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)?
Which herbal supplement is primarily used for symptoms related to BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)?
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What is a common side effect of cholinergic blockers, such as diphenhydramine and chlorphenamine?
What is a common side effect of cholinergic blockers, such as diphenhydramine and chlorphenamine?
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A patient has been using a PPI for a long time. What is a potential long-term risk associated with the use of PPIs?
A patient has been using a PPI for a long time. What is a potential long-term risk associated with the use of PPIs?
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What is the recommended treatment for acute uncomplicated otitis media in children?
What is the recommended treatment for acute uncomplicated otitis media in children?
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Which of the following antibiotics must be flavored when reconstituted?
Which of the following antibiotics must be flavored when reconstituted?
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Which antibiotic is NOT listed as requiring renal dosing adjustments?
Which antibiotic is NOT listed as requiring renal dosing adjustments?
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What effect does cefdinir reconstitution have on stool color?
What effect does cefdinir reconstitution have on stool color?
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Which of the following is a Gram-positive cocci that is catalase positive and coagulase positive?
Which of the following is a Gram-positive cocci that is catalase positive and coagulase positive?
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Which of the following antibiotics is NOT given intravenously?
Which of the following antibiotics is NOT given intravenously?
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What is the shelf life of reconstituted medications?
What is the shelf life of reconstituted medications?
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Which beta-lactam antibiotic is classified as a carbapenem?
Which beta-lactam antibiotic is classified as a carbapenem?
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What is an important consideration for dosing pediatric medications?
What is an important consideration for dosing pediatric medications?
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Which of these drugs has no renal dosing adjustments based on creatinine clearance?
Which of these drugs has no renal dosing adjustments based on creatinine clearance?
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Study Notes
Indications, Classifications, and Mechanisms of Action (MOAs) for Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs
- Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin): Used to treat macrocytic anemia. Decreased intrinsic factor (common in people over 50 or those taking metformin) can be a cause.
- Vitamin B9 (folic acid): Reduces neural tube defects.
- Calcium and Vitamin D: Used for osteoporosis treatment. Ergocalciferol (D2) is a prescription drug and cholecalciferol (D3) is an over-the-counter supplement.
- Iron: Used in treating microcytic anemia.
- Vitamin E: Used for topical scar minimization.
- Coenzyme Q10: A rate-limiting cofactor in mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation. Can reduce the negative effects of statins.
- Fish Oil: Used in treating hypertriglyceridemia and inflammatory conditions. Contains omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA. Similar to statins in molecular structure.
- **Vitamin B3 (niacin):**Used for treating hypercholesteremia.
- Ginkgo biloba: Used for treating Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), tardive dyskinesia, intermittent claudication, tinnitus, and acute mountain sickness.
- Melatonin: A hormone and potent antioxidant produced by the pineal gland. Used for treating insomnia and jet lag; depression, anxiety, and OCD.
- St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): Used to treat depression, anxiety, and OCD.
- Valerian root: Used for treating insomnia and anxiety.
- Kava (Piper methysticum): A ceremonial tranquilizer for Pacific Islanders. May cause severe liver damage.
- Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): Psychoactive with stimulant and opioid-like effects.
Medication Information
- Antacids: Magnesium hydroxide causes diarrhea; aluminum hydroxide causes constipation; calcium carbonate can cause renal calculi if there is pre-existing renal impairment; sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis if there is preexisting renal impairment.
- Histamine Type 2 Receptor Antagonists: Cimetidine causes antiandrogenic effects, potentially leading to a decreased libido, impotence, and gynecomastia in men.
- Protein Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): C.diff infections, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and risk of increased osteoporosis are adverse effects. Omeprazole inhibits CYP 2C19 (a significant drug interaction variable).
Additional Information
- Pregnancy and Lactation: NSAIDs are contraindicated during the third trimester of pregnancy. Aspirin and ibuprofen are good choices during breastfeeding.
- Various Medications: A large number of drugs, many of which interact in various ways, have been covered in the document and are related to symptoms and conditions.
CBD and Other Compounds
- Cannabinoids (CBD): Used to prevent and treat colds. May decrease infection duration.
- Echinacea: Used to prevent and treat colds.
- Sambucus nigra (elderberry): Contains vitamin C.
- Zinc (ascorbic acid): Included in Sambucus nigra (elderberry).
- Probiotics: Used for GI flora restoration.
- Glucosamine and chondroitin: Used for osteoarthritis.
- Saw palmetto: Used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
- Black cohosh: Used for premenstrual syndrome (PMS), dysmenorrhea, and menopause.
- Evening primrose: Used for PMS and menopause.
Salicylic Acid Concentrations
- Acne: 0.5%-2%
- Warts: 17%-40%
Glaucoma Drug Information
- Prostaglandin Analogs: Increase aqueous humor outflow (treat glaucoma). Examples: Bimatoprost, Latanoprost, Tafluprost, and Travoprost. Adverse effects include darkening of iris and eyelashes.
- Beta-Blockers: Reduce aqueous humor production (treat glaucoma). Examples: Timolol and Betaxolol. Adverse effects include increased light sensitivity and reduced heart rate and blood pressure.
- Cholinergic Miotics: Increase aqueous humor outflow (treat glaucoma). Example: Pilocarpine. Adverse effects include poor night vision and GI distress.
- Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Reduce aqueous humor production (treat glaucoma). Examples: Dorzolamide . Adverse reactions include sulfonamide allergies.
- Adrenergic Alpha-2 Agonists: Increase aqueous humor outflow (treat glaucoma). Example: Brimonidine. Adverse effects include central nervous system (CNS) depression and anticholinergic effects.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the essential vitamins, supplements, and pharmacological principles in this quiz. You'll encounter questions on neural tube defects, coenzyme Q10, and the role of various nutrients in health and disease. Perfect for students in health sciences or anyone interested in nutrition and pharmacology.
