Biology Chapter on Seaweed and Antibiotics

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Questions and Answers

What are the three types of vaccines mentioned, and how do they differ?

The three types of vaccines are dead microbes, live altered microbes, and toxoids. Dead microbes kill the disease-causing germs, live altered microbes are weakened forms that cannot cause the disease, and toxoids are harmless versions of the toxins produced by germs.

Define pathogens and give an example of a disease they cause.

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases in humans. An example of a disease caused by a pathogen is malaria.

What distinguishes communicable diseases from non-communicable diseases?

Communicable diseases are transmitted from an infected person or animal to another, while non-communicable diseases are not spread between individuals. An example of a communicable disease is the flu.

List two ways in which communicable diseases can be transmitted and provide an example for each.

Communicable diseases can be transmitted through direct contact with a sick person, like chickenpox, and through contaminated food and water, like cholera. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how insects can contribute to the spread of diseases.

Insects like mosquitoes and fleas act as carriers of microbes; for example, mosquitoes can transmit malaria by biting infected individuals and then biting others. This process spreads the pathogens to healthy individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What are antibiotics and how do they help in medicine?

Antibiotics are substances that kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth, helping to treat infections without harming body tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between natural immunity and acquired immunity.

Natural immunity is inherited from parents, while acquired immunity develops after recovering from an infection or through vaccination. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of antibodies in the immune response.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the body that specifically target and destroy antigens, such as viruses and bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is a vaccine and how does it contribute to immunity?

A vaccine is a substance that introduces dead or weakened microbes into the body, triggering the production of antibodies and providing immunity. Signup and view all the answers

What types of organisms produce antibiotics, and give an example of one.

Antibiotics are produced by fungi and bacteria; for example, penicillin is secreted by the fungus Penicillium. Signup and view all the answers

How does the body's immunity change after recovering from an infectious disease?

After recovery, the body retains antibodies for a time and can produce them more effectively if re-exposed to the same pathogen. Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of how antibiotics are used in agriculture.

Antibiotics are mixed with livestock feed to treat microbial infections in animals such as poultry and cattle. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important that different antibiotics work on different types of bacteria?

Different antibiotics target specific bacteria or their mechanisms, ensuring effective treatment for various infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period in the context of infectious diseases?

The incubation period is the time between infection and the appearance of symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria and fungi contribute to food spoilage?

Bacteria and fungi decompose food and release chemical toxins that spoil it. Signup and view all the answers

Name two diseases caused by protozoa and briefly describe them.

Malaria and amoebic dysentery are caused by protozoa. Malaria affects the blood and is transmitted by mosquitoes, while amoebic dysentery causes severe diarrhea due to intestinal infection. Signup and view all the answers

What role do microorganisms play in food preservation?

Microorganisms can spoil food and cause food poisoning, hence controlling their growth is crucial for food preservation. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can food be protected from insects and rodents?

Food can be protected by keeping it covered or stored in closed containers. Signup and view all the answers

What types of pathogens are responsible for diseases like cholera and pneumonia?

Bacteria are responsible for diseases like cholera and pneumonia. Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses spread respiratory diseases?

Viruses cause respiratory diseases such as the common cold and influenza, spreading primarily through the air. Signup and view all the answers

What measures can be taken to prevent spoilage of food by microbes?

Food should be stored in conditions that inhibit microbial growth, such as refrigeration or using preservatives. Signup and view all the answers

What microorganism causes cholera and how is it primarily spread?

Vibrio cholerae, mainly spread through contaminated water or food. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the method of spread for tuberculosis and list one symptom.

Spread through droplet infection; symptoms include persistent cough. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main symptoms of typhoid fever?

High fever, acute headache, and constipation. Signup and view all the answers

How does gastroenteritis primarily spread, and what is a common symptom?

Primarily food-borne; common symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting. Signup and view all the answers

List two preventive measures for the common cold.

Avoid crowded places and cover nose and mouth when sneezing. Signup and view all the answers

What virus causes poliomyelitis and how is it transmitted?

Polio virus, transmitted through human feces. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the pathogen responsible for malaria and its mode of transmission.

Plasmodium species, transmitted through infected mosquitoes. Signup and view all the answers

What fungus causes ringworm, and how does it typically spread?

Fungi that may be transmitted from pets or infected bedding. Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended vaccine to help prevent tuberculosis?

BCG vaccination. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a common symptom of malaria.

Recurring chills and fever. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment measure for bacterial gastroenteritis?

Antibiotics can be taken for bacterial infections. Signup and view all the answers

How is cholera prevented?

Through vaccination. Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is indicative of the common cold?

Runny nose. Signup and view all the answers

Identify one preventive method for malaria.

Check breeding of mosquitoes. Signup and view all the answers

What is food preservation and why is it important?

Food preservation is the processing of food to prevent spoilage and retain its nutritive value. It is important because it reduces food wastage, increases storage time, and enables transportation to distant areas. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the method of canning and its benefits.

Canning involves sealing food and drinks in airtight containers. This method prevents spoilage and allows food to be stored for long periods without refrigeration. Signup and view all the answers

How does pasteurization contribute to food safety?

Pasteurization involves heating liquids to high temperatures and then cooling them quickly, killing most bacteria. This ensures that the food's flavor is preserved while making it safe to consume. Signup and view all the answers

What role does salting play in food preservation?

Salting preserves fruits and vegetables by preventing the growth of microbes through dehydration. It helps in extending the shelf life of these perishable items. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of pickling and its effects on food.

Pickling involves preserving raw fruits and vegetables in vinegar or brine to inhibit microbial growth. It not only preserves the food but also enhances its flavor with a sharp or spicy taste. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of sugar in the preservation of fruits?

Sugar is used to preserve fruits by making jams and jellies as it removes water from cells, preventing microbial growth. This method enhances the flavor and longevity of the fruit products. Signup and view all the answers

How does refrigeration affect microbial growth in food?

Refrigeration slows down the growth and multiplication of microbes, but it does not kill them. Therefore, frozen food should be handled carefully to prevent microbial resurgence. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the five major groups of microorganisms mentioned and their relevance.

The five major groups are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and algae. They play crucial roles in food spoilage, disease transmission, and various ecological processes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Seaweed Consumption

Seaweed is commonly consumed as food in China and Japan

Chlorella

Chlorella is a single-celled spherical alga
It is used in photosynthesis research
It can be used as a food source

Antibiotics

An antibiotic is a substance that kills microorganisms or stops their growth
Fungi secrete antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, cephalosporin) while bacteria secrete antibiotics (e.g., streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline)
Antibiotics can cure minor to life-threatening infections
Antibiotics work on different types of bacteria
Antibiotics also cure plant and animal diseases
They are mixed with animal feed to prevent infection

Immunity and Vaccines

An antigen is a foreign substance entering the body
The body produces antibodies to attack antigens
Antibodies are specific to each antigen
The ability to resist infection is called immunity
Natural immunity is inherited
Acquired immunity occurs after recovering from a disease
Immunity against some diseases can be induced by introducing dead or weakened microbes through vaccination
Vaccines are substances introduced into the body to trigger an immune response

Vaccines

Vaccines can be composed of
- dead microbes (cholera, typhoid)
- live microbes (polio, measles)
- toxoids (harmless toxins) (tetanus)
- microorganisms

Harmful Microorganisms

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease
Communicable diseases are transmitted from an infected person or animal to another
Communicable diseases spread through various ways including:
- direct contact (ringworm, chickenpox)
- air (droplet infection) (common cold, flu)
- contaminated food and water (cholera, typhoid)
- insects (malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever)
- animal bites (rabies)
- cuts and wounds (tetanus)

Diseases Caused by Microorganisms

Viruses cause diseases like the common cold, measles, and influenza
Fungi and bacteria grow on food and release toxins, causing food poisoning
Bacteria cause pneumonia, tetanus, tuberculosis, and cholera
Protozoa cause malaria and amoebic dysentery

Microorganisms in Plants and Animals

Leaf mosaic viruses damage the outer cells of leaves
Potato blight in potato plants is caused by a fungus
Mildew affects grapes, roses, gooseberries, and other flowering plants
Rust in wheat and other cereals is caused by fungi
Foot-and-mouth disease in cattle is caused by a virus

Food Preservation

Spoiled food can cause illness
Food preservation is the process of preventing the spoilage of food by insects, rodents, microbes, and natural chemical changes

Methods of Food Preservation

Canning involves sealing food in airtight containers
Pasteurization kills bacteria in milk or other liquids by heating and cooling
Sun drying removes water content preventing microbial growth
Salting involves adding salt to fruit and vegetables to prevent microbial growth
Pickling preserves food in vinegar or brine
Adding sugar prevents microbial growth by removing water
Refrigeration stops microbial growth

Microorganism Facts:

Microorganisms are tiny organisms only visible under a microscope
There are five major groups of microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and algae
Microorganisms thrive in:
- oxygen
- moisture
- moderate temperatures (25-38 °C)
- darkness
- suitable food supply

Uses of Bacteria

Increasing soil fertility
Cleaning the environment
In the food, leather, and fibre industries
Making medicines (antibiotics and vaccines)

Nitrogen Fixation

Bacteria in the root nodules of legumes fix nitrogen gas
Denitrifying bacteria release nitrogen from nitrates

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of seaweed as a food source in China and Japan, along with the role of chlorella in research and nutrition. Dive into the function of antibiotics in combating infections, and understand immunity and vaccines in health science. This quiz covers essential biological concepts relevant to nutrition and microbiology.