Biology Chapter on Seaweed and Antibiotics

The three types of vaccines are dead microbes, live altered microbes, and toxoids. Dead microbes kill the disease-causing germs, live altered microbes are weakened forms that cannot cause the disease, and toxoids are harmless versions of the toxins produced by germs.

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases in humans. An example of a disease caused by a pathogen is malaria.

Communicable diseases are transmitted from an infected person or animal to another, while non-communicable diseases are not spread between individuals. An example of a communicable disease is the flu.

<p>Communicable diseases can be transmitted through direct contact with a sick person, like chickenpox, and through contaminated food and water, like cholera.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insects like mosquitoes and fleas act as carriers of microbes; for example, mosquitoes can transmit malaria by biting infected individuals and then biting others. This process spreads the pathogens to healthy individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics are substances that kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth, helping to treat infections without harming body tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural immunity is inherited from parents, while acquired immunity develops after recovering from an infection or through vaccination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies are proteins produced by the body that specifically target and destroy antigens, such as viruses and bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A vaccine is a substance that introduces dead or weakened microbes into the body, triggering the production of antibodies and providing immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics are produced by fungi and bacteria; for example, penicillin is secreted by the fungus Penicillium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After recovery, the body retains antibodies for a time and can produce them more effectively if re-exposed to the same pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics are mixed with livestock feed to treat microbial infections in animals such as poultry and cattle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different antibiotics target specific bacteria or their mechanisms, ensuring effective treatment for various infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The incubation period is the time between infection and the appearance of symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria and fungi decompose food and release chemical toxins that spoil it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malaria and amoebic dysentery are caused by protozoa. Malaria affects the blood and is transmitted by mosquitoes, while amoebic dysentery causes severe diarrhea due to intestinal infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microorganisms can spoil food and cause food poisoning, hence controlling their growth is crucial for food preservation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food can be protected by keeping it covered or stored in closed containers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria are responsible for diseases like cholera and pneumonia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses cause respiratory diseases such as the common cold and influenza, spreading primarily through the air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food should be stored in conditions that inhibit microbial growth, such as refrigeration or using preservatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><em>Vibrio cholerae</em>, mainly spread through contaminated water or food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spread through droplet infection; symptoms include persistent cough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High fever, acute headache, and constipation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primarily food-borne; common symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid crowded places and cover nose and mouth when sneezing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polio virus, transmitted through human feces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><em>Plasmodium</em> species, transmitted through infected mosquitoes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi that may be transmitted from pets or infected bedding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BCG vaccination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurring chills and fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics can be taken for bacterial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through vaccination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Runny nose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Check breeding of mosquitoes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food preservation is the processing of food to prevent spoilage and retain its nutritive value. It is important because it reduces food wastage, increases storage time, and enables transportation to distant areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canning involves sealing food and drinks in airtight containers. This method prevents spoilage and allows food to be stored for long periods without refrigeration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pasteurization involves heating liquids to high temperatures and then cooling them quickly, killing most bacteria. This ensures that the food's flavor is preserved while making it safe to consume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salting preserves fruits and vegetables by preventing the growth of microbes through dehydration. It helps in extending the shelf life of these perishable items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pickling involves preserving raw fruits and vegetables in vinegar or brine to inhibit microbial growth. It not only preserves the food but also enhances its flavor with a sharp or spicy taste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sugar is used to preserve fruits by making jams and jellies as it removes water from cells, preventing microbial growth. This method enhances the flavor and longevity of the fruit products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refrigeration slows down the growth and multiplication of microbes, but it does not kill them. Therefore, frozen food should be handled carefully to prevent microbial resurgence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five major groups are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and algae. They play crucial roles in food spoilage, disease transmission, and various ecological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers