Nutrition and Epigenetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are epigenetic mechanisms?

  • Regulation of gene expression by nucleotide sequence
  • Facilitation of transcription by chromatin remodeling
  • Changes in DNA sequence
  • Inheritance mechanisms outside the DNA sequence of genes (correct)

    • What does chromatin remodeling involve?

  • Uncoiling of DNA in eukaryotic nuclei
  • Formation of nucleosomes from histones
  • Direct alteration of DNA sequence
  • Various forms of remodeling leading to facilitation or hindrance of transcription (correct)

    • What are nucleosomes?

  • Proteins that regulate gene expression
  • Inheritance mechanisms outside the DNA sequence of genes
  • Methods of DNA methylation
  • Fundamental structural units of chromatin (correct)

    • What is the role of H1 in relation to core histones?

    <p>Securing DNA to core histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chromatin remodeling affect the length of DNA in eukaryotic nuclei?

    <p>Shortens its length by at least a factor of 10,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Combine with DNA to form nucleosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of maternal undernutrition, obesity, and diabetes during gestation and lactation on offspring?

    <p>Increased risk of obesity and impaired glucose tolerance in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the observed effect of exposing pregnant agouti mothers to Bisphenol A (BPA) without supplements?

    <p>Pups were yellow and obese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study on BPA and childhood obesity in JAMA 2012 find?

    <p>22% of children with the highest BPA level in their urine were obese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential reason for the association between urinary BPA concentration and childhood obesity being observed only in white children?

    <p>White children consume more BPA from canned sodas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gut microbiome in influencing health and disease?

    <p>The gut microbiome is associated with health and disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of MicroRNA (miRNA) in gene regulation?

    <p>Regulate transcription of ~60% of all protein-encoding genes through sequence-specific binding to RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of dysregulation in the expression of miRNAs on pathological pathways?

    <p>Modulate pathological pathways involved in cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the social determinants of health mentioned in the text?

    <p>Education, Income, Neighborhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of environmental stressors mentioned in the text?

    <p>Noise pollution, Lack of green space, Environmental pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been shown to modulate miRNA expression?

    <p>Both acute and long-term Mediterranean dietary patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of epigenetic mechanisms mentioned in the text?

    <p>Pollution, Stress, Physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do health disparities arise from according to the text?

    <p>Both environmental exposure and social experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of nonchemical stressors mentioned in the text?

    <p>Noise pollution, Lack of green space, Violence or threat of violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of social determinants of health related to economic stability?

    <p>Income, Expenses, Debt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of health outcomes mentioned in the text?

    <p>Mortality, Morbidity, Life Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of social determinants of health related to physical environment?

    <p>Housing, Transportation, Safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient, found in foods like sesame seeds, leafy vegetables, and egg yolks, can be used for making methyl groups, altering gene expression?

    <p>Folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of deficiencies in methyl-donating folate or choline during fetal or postnatal development?

    <p>Lifelong under-methylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did feeding pregnant agouti mice with different levels of methionine and folic acid affect the offspring?

    <p>Affected coat color in offspring and subsequent generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Dutch Mothers Study show about the impact of malnutrition during gestation?

    <p>Malnutrition during gestation can have multi-generational effects, passed down to subsequent generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does histone deacetylation do to transcription?

    <p>Inhibits transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of methylation of CpG islands in gene promoters?

    <p>Represses gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does acetylation of lysine residues in histone proteins affect transcription?

    <p>Reduces affinity with DNA, enhancing transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Epigenetics and Nutrition: How Diet Can Influence Gene Expression

    • DNA tightly wound around histones is not available for transcription
    • Acetylation of lysine residues in histone proteins reduces affinity with DNA, enhancing transcription
    • Histone deacetylation inhibits transcription
    • DNA methylation is the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine residue, regulated by DNA-methyl transferase
    • Methylation of CpG islands in gene promoters can repress gene expression, but intron hypermethylation can lead to gene activation
    • Nutrients like folic acid, B vitamins, and choline from food can be used for making methyl groups, altering gene expression
    • Foods like sesame seeds, leafy vegetables, and egg yolks contain nutrients that affect the epigenome
    • Deficiencies in methyl-donating folate or choline during fetal or postnatal development can cause lifelong under-methylation
    • Feeding pregnant agouti mice with different levels of methionine and folic acid affected coat color in offspring and subsequent generations
    • Dutch mothers who experienced malnutrition during pregnancy had offspring with long-term health consequences
    • Babies malnourished early in the womb had higher rates of obesity as adults and were more likely to have obese children
    • The Dutch Mothers Study showed that malnutrition during gestation can have multi-generational effects, passed down to subsequent generations

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of how nutrition can influence gene expression through epigenetics with this quiz. Explore the impact of nutrients like folic acid and choline on DNA methylation and histone modification, and learn about studies linking maternal nutrition to multi-generational health effects.

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