Nutrition and Diet Therapy: Carbohydrates

Study Notes

Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram, serving as a primary energy source.
Essential for movement and a significant energy supply from sources like rice, bread, cereals, and root crops.
Glucose acts as the simplest carbohydrate and is crucial for brain function; it must be converted from other carbs for energy use.

Monosaccharides (single sugars):
- Glucose: Central energy source for brain and nervous system, known as dextrose in some contexts.
- Fructose: Found in fruits; serves as an energy source.
- Galactose: Less common, primarily found in milk products.
Disaccharides (two sugars):
- Sucrose: Common table sugar.
- Lactose: Sugar in milk.
- Maltose: Found in malted foods and beverages.
Polysaccharides (multiple sugars):
- Starch: Main storage form of energy in plants.
- Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in animals, mainly in the liver and muscles.
- Dietary Fibers: Essential for digestive health and varies from other types of carbohydrates.

While fiber is essential, excessive fiber intake can cause gastrointestinal issues and may restrict nutrient absorption.

Sugar alcohols are used as low-calorie sweeteners, having varied impacts on health and digestion.

These are developed as healthier substitutes for sugar, providing low to zero-calorie options for sweetness.

Carbohydrates undergo digestion to convert into glucose, which is essential for energy.
Blood glucose levels are regulated by hormones:
- Insulin: Aids in glucose storage and metabolism; regulates blood sugar levels.

Carbohydrates are the cheapest energy source in agriculture-rich countries like the Philippines.
They spare protein usage for energy, allowing proteins to fulfill their primary function in body-building and cellular activities.
The body relies on natural resources such as air, water, and sunlight for carbohydrate production through photosynthesis.