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Questions and Answers
Which condition is associated with vitamin C deficiency?
Which condition is associated with vitamin C deficiency?
Which factor does not increase energy requirements?
Which factor does not increase energy requirements?
What is the energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C?
What is the energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C?
Which of the following steps is not part of the procedure to investigate the energy content of a food sample?
Which of the following steps is not part of the procedure to investigate the energy content of a food sample?
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How does pregnancy affect energy requirements?
How does pregnancy affect energy requirements?
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What is one primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
What is one primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
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Which of the following is a source of glucose?
Which of the following is a source of glucose?
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Why is starch significant in human diets?
Why is starch significant in human diets?
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Why can humans not use cellulose as an energy source?
Why can humans not use cellulose as an energy source?
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Which statement about lipids is true?
Which statement about lipids is true?
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Which of these foods is most likely to be a source of dietary fiber?
Which of these foods is most likely to be a source of dietary fiber?
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How is glycogen similar to starch?
How is glycogen similar to starch?
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Which of the following contributes to preventing diseases of the intestine?
Which of the following contributes to preventing diseases of the intestine?
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Which of the following is a source of lipids?
Which of the following is a source of lipids?
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What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
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Which vitamin is crucial for vision, especially in the dark?
Which vitamin is crucial for vision, especially in the dark?
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Which mineral deficiency is associated with poor bone development?
Which mineral deficiency is associated with poor bone development?
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What is a significant consequence of protein deficiency?
What is a significant consequence of protein deficiency?
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Which food sources are rich in iron?
Which food sources are rich in iron?
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What role does sodium play in the body?
What role does sodium play in the body?
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Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight?
Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight?
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Study Notes
Nutrition in Humans
- Food is needed to provide energy, repair tissues, and fight disease.
- A balanced diet includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber, and water in appropriate amounts.
Carbohydrates
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Sugars:
- Glucose is found naturally in fruits and vegetables.
- Fructose is found in fruits.
- Lactose is found in milk.
- Sucrose is transported through plant stems (e.g., sugar cane).
- Digestion of starch produces sugar.
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Physical Properties of Sugars:
- Sugars are soluble in water.
- Sugars are sweet in taste.
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Functions of Sugars:
- Sugars provide energy for cells by oxidation in cellular respiration.
Starch
- Starch is a large, insoluble carbohydrate found in plants (e.g., potatoes, rice, wheat).
- Starch is a polymer of glucose molecules.
- Starch is a storage form of glucose in plants.
Glycogen
- Glycogen is a carbohydrate similar to starch, found in animal tissues (e.g., liver, muscle).
- Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in animals.
- Large carbohydrates like starch and glycogen must be broken down into simple sugars for absorption into the bloodstream following digestion.
Cellulose
- Cellulose is the material that makes up plant cell walls.
- Humans cannot digest cellulose because they lack the necessary enzymes.
- Cellulose acts as dietary fiber, promoting gut health and preventing constipation.
Lipids
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Sources and Properties:
- Fats are derived from animals (solid at room temperature) and have high melting points.
- Oils are derived from plants (liquid at room temperature) and have low melting points.
- Sources of fats: animal products, milk, butter, ghee, eggs, fish.
- Sources of oils: vegetable oils, corn oil, olive oil, etc.
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Functions of Lipids:
- Lipids contribute to body mass.
- Lipids are crucial components of cell membranes.
- Lipids are stored as energy reserves.
- Lipids insulate the body.
- Lipids protect organs from damage.
Proteins
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Sources:
- Animal sources: meat, fish, cheese, eggs.
- Plant sources: beans, peas, nuts.
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Functions:
- Proteins promote growth.
- Proteins repair damaged tissues.
- Proteins are components of many enzymes in the body.
- Recommended Amount: Approximately 70 grams per day.
- Deficiency: Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency disease.
Minerals
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Minerals:
- Calcium is important for bone and tooth formation.
- Phosphorus is important for making bones and teeth.
- Sodium is a component of body fluids (e.g., blood).
- Chlorine is a component of body fluids (e.g., blood).
- Magnesium is found inside cells.
- Iron is a component of haemoglobin (red blood cells).
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Deficiency:
- Rickets is a calcium deficiency disease causing poor bone development.
- Anemia is an iron deficiency disease causing tiredness.
Vitamins
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Vitamin A:
- Source: carrots, liver, fish liver oil.
- Role: Crucial for vision and maintaining the health of the eyes.
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Vitamin C:
- Source: fresh fruits, vegetables.
- Role: wound healing and maintaining the health of the cells lining body surfaces.
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Vitamin D:
- Source: fish liver oil, sunlight.
- Role: helps bones absorb calcium and phosphate.
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Deficiency:
- Vitamin A deficiency: night blindness, damaged cornea.
- Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy.
- Vitamin D deficiency: rickets, poor teeth.
Water
- Water is essential for all chemical reactions in the body.
- Water is found in juices and liquids.
Energy Requirements
- Factors affecting energy requirements include age, activity level, and pregnancy.
- Energy and activity levels increase as we age and increase with increases in activity.
- Energy needed during pregnancy is higher due to the additional mass.
- Investigation of food energy content is done by measuring the mass of food, placing it in water, and recording the temperature change in the water.
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Description
This quiz explores the crucial role of food in human nutrition, emphasizing the importance of a balanced diet and the functions of carbohydrates like sugars, starch, and glycogen. Test your knowledge of dietary components and their physiological roles.
