NUT 107 Demographic Structure and Health

NUT 107 Demographic Structure and Health

• Course offered by İstanbul Kent University, Nutrition and Dietetic Department, lectured by Beyzanur Çamlıbel
• Topics covered include basic demographic concepts, data sources, demographic indicators, world population, population structure and change, fertility/mortality, migration, urbanization, population policies, population and nutrition, maternal and child health, anthropometric indicators of nutrition, sustainable development goals, and homework presentations/final exam.

Course Schedule

• Week 1: Basic Demographic Concepts and Data Sources
• Week 2: Demographic Indicators
• Week 3: World Population
• Week 4: Population Structure and Change
• Week 5: Fertility/Mortality
• Week 6: Migration and Urbanization
• Week 7: Midterm Exam
• Week 8: Population Policies/Population and Nutrition
• Week 9: Maternal and Child Health
• Week 10: Anthropometric Indicators of Nutrition
• Week 11: Sustainable Development Goals
• Week 12: Homework Presentation
• Week 13: Homework Presentation
• Week 14: Homework Presentation
• Week 15: Final Exam

Fertility

• Fertility: Performance of women in giving birth to live children
• Live Birth (WHO): Fetus showing at least a thousand signs of life (breathing, heartbeat) upon leaving the mother
• Fecundity: Physiological capacity of women to conceive and give birth. Actual reproductive performance.
• Fecundity: Potential reproductive performance.
• Infertility: Inability to achieve pregnancy for at least 12 months.
• Primary Infertility: A woman who has never been pregnant before
• Secondary Infertility: A woman who has been pregnant at least once but cannot get pregnant again

Reproductive Age

• Men: Lifelong sperm production
• Women: Specific start and end time
  • Menarche: Onset of menstrual bleeding (around 12-15 years of age)
  • Menopause: End of menstrual bleeding (typically after 45 years of age)
  • Reproductive Age of women: Approximately 35 years (between 15 and 45)
• Natural Fertility: The level of fertility in the absence of conscious control (e.g., contraception). The average number of live births, theoretically, is 15 for a woman who gives birth immediately after menarche until menopause, without contraception.

Factors Affecting Fertility

• Physiological Factors:

  • Limits of reproductive age (15-49 years old)
  • Menarche
  • Menopause
  • Temporary infertility after childbirth
  • Breastfeeding

• Demographic Factors:

  • Age at first marriage
  • Birth control
  • Abortion.

• Cultural and Religious Factors:

  • Social norms
  • Religion
  • Ethnic Characteristics
  • Norms

• Economic and Social Factors:

  • Economic stability
  • Unemployment
  • Education level
  • Industrialization
  • Urbanization
  • Women's participation in business life
  • Family structures
  • Social mobility
  • State policies

• Health Care and Family Planning:

  • Access to health services and family planning methods
  • Access to modern contraception

Key Fertility Indicators

• Child-Female Ratio
• Crude Birth Rate
• General Fertility Rate
• Age Specific Fertility Rate
• Population Renewal Level
• Age Specific Marital Fertility Rate
• Parity Specific Fertility Rate

Mortality

• Death: Irreversible disappearance of all signs of life after birth
• Factors Affecting Mortality Rates:
  • Health Care
    • Access to adequate and quality health services
    • Vaccinations, disease treatment, and health awareness
  • Nutrition
    • Good nutrition, especially for infants and children
  • Environmental Factors
    • Access to clean water and hygiene
  • Social and Economic Factors
    • Poverty, low education levels, and unemployment

Life Expectancy

• Life expectancy at age X: Average remaining years of life at a given age (ex)
• Life expectancy at birth (e0): Average number of years a newborn is expected to live given current mortality risks
• 2020-2022 Life expectancy in Turkey: Women 80.3 years and Men 74.8 years
• Age 65 Life expectancy: Women were 3.5 years higher than men.

Mortality Rates

• Crude Mortality Rate (CMR): Number of deaths per thousand inhabitants
• Age-Specific Mortality Rates: Shows mortality levels in specific age groups ('X' age group = specific mortality rates) (U or J shaped graph)
• Gender-Specific Mortality Rates: Determines mortality extent by gender
• Settlement-Specific Mortality Rates: Mortality rates specific to different settlements
• Cause-Specific Mortality Rates: Divides number of people dying from a specific cause by the number of person-years
• Fatality Rate: Measures how likely a disease will cause death
• Neonatal Mortality Rates:
  • Early neonatal mortality: Rate of babies dying within first 7 days of birth
  • Late neonatal mortality : Rate of babies dying in the first month after birth
  • Neonatal Mortality: Death rate within the first month after birth
  • Post-Neonatal Mortality: Death rate after birth but before 1 year
  • Infant, Child, Under 5 Age Mortality Rates: Deaths in the 0-1, 1-4, and 0-4 age groups divided by births.
• Perinatal Mortality Rate: The rate of deaths in the perinatal period (period from conception to 1 month after birth).

Risk Factors Affecting Infant Mortality

• Mother's age < 18 years
• Mother's age > 34 years
• Birth interval < 24 months
• Birth order > 3

Life Table

• Shows transition of members of a generation from one life state to another (life to death)
• Tools to measure mortality progression over time

Data on Turkey

• Includes data on fertility and mortality rates in Turkey, comparing them to Europe. Data sources are indicated by web links from TUİK (Turkish Statistical Institute).
• Examples include total fertility rates (e.g., 2.38 children in 2001, 1.51 children in 2023), infant mortality rate, under-5 mortality rates.

This quiz covers key topics from the NUT 107 course, focusing on the relationship between demographic structures and health metrics. Students will explore concepts such as fertility, mortality, migration, and nutrition, as well as how these factors intersect with sustainable development goals. Prepare to test your understanding of population health indicators and policies.