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Questions and Answers
What does the child-female ratio indicate?
What does the child-female ratio indicate?
What is the primary limitation of the crude birth rate as a measure of fertility?
What is the primary limitation of the crude birth rate as a measure of fertility?
How is the general fertility rate calculated?
How is the general fertility rate calculated?
What does the age-specific fertility rate measure?
What does the age-specific fertility rate measure?
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Why is the general fertility rate considered more sensitive than the crude birth rate?
Why is the general fertility rate considered more sensitive than the crude birth rate?
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What was the total fertility rate in Turkey in 2022?
What was the total fertility rate in Turkey in 2022?
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What trend is observed in Turkey's crude birth rate from 2001 to 2023?
What trend is observed in Turkey's crude birth rate from 2001 to 2023?
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Which age group had the highest age-specific fertility rate in Turkey in 2001?
Which age group had the highest age-specific fertility rate in Turkey in 2001?
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What was the adolescent fertility rate in Turkey in 2023?
What was the adolescent fertility rate in Turkey in 2023?
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What percentage of births were first births in Turkey in 2023?
What percentage of births were first births in Turkey in 2023?
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What was the mean age of mothers giving birth in Turkey in 2023?
What was the mean age of mothers giving birth in Turkey in 2023?
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Which country had the highest crude birth rate among European Union member countries in 2022?
Which country had the highest crude birth rate among European Union member countries in 2022?
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How does access to quality health services influence mortality rates?
How does access to quality health services influence mortality rates?
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Which of the following is a key nutritional factor that impacts mortality rates in infants and children?
Which of the following is a key nutritional factor that impacts mortality rates in infants and children?
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What role do environmental factors play in mortality rates?
What role do environmental factors play in mortality rates?
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Which social factor is associated with increased mortality rates?
Which social factor is associated with increased mortality rates?
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What does life expectancy at birth (e0) indicate?
What does life expectancy at birth (e0) indicate?
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How is life expectancy at age X represented?
How is life expectancy at age X represented?
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Which of the following contributes most to higher mortality rates in a population?
Which of the following contributes most to higher mortality rates in a population?
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What is one negative consequence of poor hygiene practices?
What is one negative consequence of poor hygiene practices?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects mortality rates?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects mortality rates?
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What does the late neonatal mortality rate measure?
What does the late neonatal mortality rate measure?
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How is the neonatal mortality rate calculated?
How is the neonatal mortality rate calculated?
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What is measured by the post-neonatal mortality rate?
What is measured by the post-neonatal mortality rate?
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Which of the following factors contributes to post-neonatal mortality?
Which of the following factors contributes to post-neonatal mortality?
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What is the infant mortality rate based on?
What is the infant mortality rate based on?
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What effect do technological advances have on mortality rates?
What effect do technological advances have on mortality rates?
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What constitutes the child mortality rate?
What constitutes the child mortality rate?
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Why is it more challenging to reduce neonatal mortality compared to post-neonatal mortality?
Why is it more challenging to reduce neonatal mortality compared to post-neonatal mortality?
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What approach can potentially lower the post-neonatal mortality rate?
What approach can potentially lower the post-neonatal mortality rate?
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Study Notes
NUT 107 Demographic Structure and Health
- Course offered by İstanbul Kent University, Nutrition and Dietetic Department, lectured by Beyzanur Çamlıbel
- Topics covered include basic demographic concepts, data sources, demographic indicators, world population, population structure and change, fertility/mortality, migration, urbanization, population policies, population and nutrition, maternal and child health, anthropometric indicators of nutrition, sustainable development goals, and homework presentations/final exam.
Course Schedule
- Week 1: Basic Demographic Concepts and Data Sources
- Week 2: Demographic Indicators
- Week 3: World Population
- Week 4: Population Structure and Change
- Week 5: Fertility/Mortality
- Week 6: Migration and Urbanization
- Week 7: Midterm Exam
- Week 8: Population Policies/Population and Nutrition
- Week 9: Maternal and Child Health
- Week 10: Anthropometric Indicators of Nutrition
- Week 11: Sustainable Development Goals
- Week 12: Homework Presentation
- Week 13: Homework Presentation
- Week 14: Homework Presentation
- Week 15: Final Exam
Fertility
- Fertility: Performance of women in giving birth to live children
- Live Birth (WHO): Fetus showing at least a thousand signs of life (breathing, heartbeat) upon leaving the mother
- Fecundity: Physiological capacity of women to conceive and give birth. Actual reproductive performance.
- Fecundity: Potential reproductive performance.
- Infertility: Inability to achieve pregnancy for at least 12 months.
- Primary Infertility: A woman who has never been pregnant before
- Secondary Infertility: A woman who has been pregnant at least once but cannot get pregnant again
Reproductive Age
- Men: Lifelong sperm production
-
Women: Specific start and end time
- Menarche: Onset of menstrual bleeding (around 12-15 years of age)
- Menopause: End of menstrual bleeding (typically after 45 years of age)
- Reproductive Age of women: Approximately 35 years (between 15 and 45)
- Natural Fertility: The level of fertility in the absence of conscious control (e.g., contraception). The average number of live births, theoretically, is 15 for a woman who gives birth immediately after menarche until menopause, without contraception.
Factors Affecting Fertility
-
Physiological Factors:
- Limits of reproductive age (15-49 years old)
- Menarche
- Menopause
- Temporary infertility after childbirth
- Breastfeeding
-
Demographic Factors:
- Age at first marriage
- Birth control
- Abortion.
-
Cultural and Religious Factors:
- Social norms
- Religion
- Ethnic Characteristics
- Norms
-
Economic and Social Factors:
- Economic stability
- Unemployment
- Education level
- Industrialization
- Urbanization
- Women's participation in business life
- Family structures
- Social mobility
- State policies
-
Health Care and Family Planning:
- Access to health services and family planning methods
- Access to modern contraception
Key Fertility Indicators
- Child-Female Ratio
- Crude Birth Rate
- General Fertility Rate
- Age Specific Fertility Rate
- Population Renewal Level
- Age Specific Marital Fertility Rate
- Parity Specific Fertility Rate
Mortality
- Death: Irreversible disappearance of all signs of life after birth
-
Factors Affecting Mortality Rates:
- Health Care
- Access to adequate and quality health services
- Vaccinations, disease treatment, and health awareness
- Nutrition
- Good nutrition, especially for infants and children
- Environmental Factors
- Access to clean water and hygiene
- Social and Economic Factors
- Poverty, low education levels, and unemployment
- Health Care
Life Expectancy
- Life expectancy at age X: Average remaining years of life at a given age (ex)
- Life expectancy at birth (e0): Average number of years a newborn is expected to live given current mortality risks
- 2020-2022 Life expectancy in Turkey: Women 80.3 years and Men 74.8 years
- Age 65 Life expectancy: Women were 3.5 years higher than men.
Mortality Rates
- Crude Mortality Rate (CMR): Number of deaths per thousand inhabitants
- Age-Specific Mortality Rates: Shows mortality levels in specific age groups ('X' age group = specific mortality rates) (U or J shaped graph)
- Gender-Specific Mortality Rates: Determines mortality extent by gender
- Settlement-Specific Mortality Rates: Mortality rates specific to different settlements
- Cause-Specific Mortality Rates: Divides number of people dying from a specific cause by the number of person-years
- Fatality Rate: Measures how likely a disease will cause death
-
Neonatal Mortality Rates:
- Early neonatal mortality: Rate of babies dying within first 7 days of birth
- Late neonatal mortality : Rate of babies dying in the first month after birth
- Neonatal Mortality: Death rate within the first month after birth
- Post-Neonatal Mortality: Death rate after birth but before 1 year
- Infant, Child, Under 5 Age Mortality Rates: Deaths in the 0-1, 1-4, and 0-4 age groups divided by births.
- Perinatal Mortality Rate: The rate of deaths in the perinatal period (period from conception to 1 month after birth).
Risk Factors Affecting Infant Mortality
- Mother's age < 18 years
- Mother's age > 34 years
- Birth interval < 24 months
- Birth order > 3
Life Table
- Shows transition of members of a generation from one life state to another (life to death)
- Tools to measure mortality progression over time
Data on Turkey
- Includes data on fertility and mortality rates in Turkey, comparing them to Europe. Data sources are indicated by web links from TUİK (Turkish Statistical Institute).
- Examples include total fertility rates (e.g., 2.38 children in 2001, 1.51 children in 2023), infant mortality rate, under-5 mortality rates.
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Description
This quiz covers key topics from the NUT 107 course, focusing on the relationship between demographic structures and health metrics. Students will explore concepts such as fertility, mortality, migration, and nutrition, as well as how these factors intersect with sustainable development goals. Prepare to test your understanding of population health indicators and policies.
