Nursing Theories: Needs-Based Approaches

Classification According to Meleis

• Needs-Based Theories focus on fulfilling physical and mental needs.

• Theories by Orem, Henderson, and Abdella are included but criticized for over-reliance on the medical model, creating patient dependence.

• Interaction Theories highlight relationships in nursing and the impact on patients' environment and situations.

• Key theorists: King, Orlando, Travelbee.

• Outcome Theories emphasize nurses controlling patient care through knowledge of physiological and behavioral systems.

• Notable theorists include Johnson, Levine, Rogers, and Roy.

Classification According to Alligood

• Nursing Philosophy provides the most abstract understanding of nursing phenomena through logical analysis.

• Key figures: Nightingale, Watson, Ray, and Benner.

• Nursing Conceptual Models are comprehensive theories addressing the nursing metaparadigm.

• Covers relationships within nursing: Levine, Rogers, Roy, King, Orem.

• Grand Nursing Theories, derived from broader philosophies, are less specific than middle-range theories.

• Includes works by Levine, Rogers, Orem, and King.

• Middle-Range Theories are precise, addressing specific nursing practice inquiries within a theory's framework.

Nursing Theorists and Their Works

• Florence Nightingale

  • Founder of Modern Nursing; Pioneer of Environmental Theory.
  • Defined nursing as utilizing the patient's environment for recovery.
  • Identified five environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, sunlight.

• Hildegard E. Peplau

  • Originator of the Theory of Interpersonal Relations.
  • Influenced by Sullivan, Symonds, Maslow, and Miller.
  • Focuses on developing therapeutic interventions in clinical settings.

• Virginia Henderson

  • Developed the Nursing Need Theory, emphasizing patient independence.
  • Stresses basic human needs and nurses' role in meeting those needs.

• Faye Glenn Abdellah

  • Created the 21 Nursing Problems Theory, transitioning from disease-centered to patient-centered care.
  • Includes family and community considerations in hospital and community health nursing.

• Lydia E. Hall

  • Developed the 3C's theory: Care, Cure, Core.
  • Defined nursing based on participation in these areas; emphasizes the interpersonal relationship in care.

• Joyce Travelbee

  • Introduced the Human-to-Human Relationship Model; focused on support during illness and suffering.
  • Built on Peplau's and Orlando's theories of interpersonal relationships.

• Ida Jean Orlando

  • Developed the Nursing Process Theory, focusing on the patient’s interpretations.
  • Enables nurses to create flexible and effective care plans based on patients’ immediate needs.

• Jean Watson

  • Pioneered the Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.
  • Advocates for promoting health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick.