Nursing Theories: Maslow and Erikson

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Outlines the physiological and psychological factors impacting health.
• Helps nurses formulate diagnoses that prioritize patient needs and values.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

• Emphasizes the importance of social interactions in individual development.
• Guides nurses in providing age-appropriate care across different life stages.

Health Belief Model

• Developed by Rosenstock in 1974 to understand patient non-compliance with health recommendations.
• Useful for nurses in educating patients about health behaviors.

Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory

• Focuses on the impact of a clean environment (air, water, housing) on health.
• Advocacy for balancing the patient-environment relationship to enhance health and conserve energy.

Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory

• Highlights the interpersonal relationships in nursing.
• Defines the nurse's role in facilitating patient engagement and care.

Virginia Henderson’s Nursing Roles

• Describes roles as:
  • Substitutive: doing for the patient.
  • Supplementary: assisting the patient.
  • Complementary: collaborating with the patient towards independence.

Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings

• Proposes humans and their environments are in constant interaction.
• Describes health as a dynamic energy exchange.

Clara Barton

• Established the American Red Cross after her nursing service in the Civil War.

Dorothea Dix

• Directed the U.S. Sanitary Commission, precursor to the Army Nurse Corps.

Linda Richards

• Recognized as America’s first trained nurse, graduated from Boston's Women's Hospital in 1873.

Lena Higbee

• Superintendent of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps; awarded the Navy Cross in 1918.

Institute of Medicine Competencies

• Five core competencies:
  • Patient-centered care
  • Interdisciplinary teamwork
  • Evidence-based practice
  • Quality improvement
  • Information technology
• QSEN added safety as a sixth competency.

AACN Essentials of Baccalaureate Education

• Framework for nursing education with updated outcomes for professional nurses.

NLN Competencies

• Provides competencies for practical, associate, baccalaureate, and graduate nursing education.

Nurse as Patient Advocate

• Interprets and educates patients, respecting their decisions regardless of personal beliefs.
• Communicates patient preferences to healthcare providers.

Nurse’s Role in Patient Care

• Manages treatment and activities for patients.
• Acts as a change agent in addressing health concerns and promoting organizational change.

Roy’s Adaptation Model

• Views the human being as an adaptive open system.
• Focus on adapting to physiological needs and balancing roles to maintain equilibrium.

Watson’s Theory of Caring

• Centers nursing practice around health and healing while preserving human dignity.

Parse’s Human Becoming Theory

• Integrates Rogers’ concepts with existential-phenomenology.
• Focuses on the individual as a dynamic being, emphasizing nursing as a human science.

This quiz explores Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development. Understanding these theories is crucial for nurses to assess and prioritize patient care effectively. Test your knowledge on how these psychological factors influence nursing diagnoses.