Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of systematic reviews in nursing research?

  • To establish a database for clinical education
  • To synthesize evidence and provide reliable answers to research questions (correct)
  • To create guidelines based on individual nurse practices
  • To offer anecdotal insights from clinical expert experiences

    • Which resource is specifically designed for finding systematic reviews in healthcare?

  • Nursing World Journal
  • PubMed
  • Cochrane Library (correct)
  • Google Scholar

    • What role do evidence-based nursing journals play in nursing research?

  • They provide peer-reviewed articles for clinical evidence (correct)
  • They are only useful for new nurses without experience
  • They do not undergo any review process before publication
  • They focus on hypothetical scenarios in healthcare

    • Which of the following best describes clinical practice guidelines?

    <p>Systematically developed statements for healthcare decision-making (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can clinical expertise be utilized as a resource in nursing research?

    <p>Through searching online formularies for alternative treatments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the 'identifying' step of the QI process?

    <p>To identify opportunities and define objectives for change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of journal clubs for nursing students?

    <p>To develop skills for discussing evidence-based care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes databases designed specifically for nurses?

    <p>They provide evidence-based info for nursing research and education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of patient-centered care (PCC)?

    <p>A patient's needs, values, and preferences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of nurses in patient-centered care?

    <p>To educate and support patients in their health decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is NOT recommended to prevent aspiration during eating and drinking?

    <p>Cut food into large pieces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element of creating a compassionate environment in healthcare?

    <p>Aligning healthcare facility values with those of patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique should nurses primarily use when lifting heavy objects or patients?

    <p>Use leg muscles and bend at the knees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended adjustment to the worksite for preventing back strain?

    <p>Use lumbar supporting chairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best represents a strategy for improving patient outcomes in PCC?

    <p>Involving patients in decision-making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken regarding food and drink to avoid aspiration?

    <p>Alternate between liquid and solid swallows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key interventions to prevent injury for a confused patient?

    <p>Ensure they can reach necessary items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should nurses do if they feel strain in their back while lifting?

    <p>Stop and try again using proper techniques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of PCC contributes to nursing and patient relationships?

    <p>Building trust through communication and support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can patients be empowered in their care according to PCC?

    <p>By encouraging participation in decision-making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During patient interactions, what is a recommended approach to reorient a confused patient?

    <p>Communicate gently and consistently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is NOT recommended for reducing patient fall risks?

    <p>Allow cluttered rooms to create familiar spaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective method for maintaining a healthy weight as part of injury prevention?

    <p>Exercising regularly to support body strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measures should be taken during sleep to help confused patients?

    <p>Reduce noise and limit the number of visitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Korotkoff sounds to be produced?

    <p>Vibrations in the artery wall from blood spurts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heart rate threshold for diagnosing bradycardia?

    <p>Less than 60 beats per minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of bradycardia?

    <p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'eupnea' refer to?

    <p>Normal, unlabored breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common sign of a fever?

    <p>General weakness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with bradycardia?

    <p>Fainting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is eupnea characterized by?

    <p>Rhythmic, continuous breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential sign of bradycardia?

    <p>Mental confusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the dermis in the skin structure?

    <p>To support and protect the skin and deeper layers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a guideline for using restraints in nursing?

    <p>Use the most restrictive type available (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative strategies can be used instead of physical restraints?

    <p>Using distraction or de-escalation strategies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done every two hours regarding patients in restraints?

    <p>Perform range of motion exercises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT found in the dermal layer of the skin?

    <p>Adipose tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently should a nurse perform a neurovascular check on a patient in restraints?

    <p>Every 30 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the management of care equipment?

    <p>Safe management includes regular cleaning and disinfection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of the dermis in thermoregulation?

    <p>Regulating sweat production and blood flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological effect experienced by patients in restraints?

    <p>Feelings of helplessness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cheyne-Stokes respiration is characterized by which of the following patterns?

    <p>Alternating deep and shallow breaths with pauses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interventions is NOT recommended for preventing pressure injuries?

    <p>Decreasing fluid intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential physical complication of using restraints?

    <p>Dehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is most susceptible to skin breakdown when a patient is in a side-lying position?

    <p>Ears (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary components are important for achieving optimal skin health and preventing pressure injuries?

    <p>Increased intake of protein, vitamin C, and zinc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the psychological effects of restraints related to past trauma?

    <p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a not a recommended intervention to promote sleep?

    <p>Restricting fluid intake before bed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PPE for COVID-19

    • Eye protection, gown, gloves, N95 respirator mask

    Immediate Nursing Intervention for SOB

    • Elevate head of bed and administer oxygen (2L nasal cannula)

    Sleep Interference Factors

    • Drinking alcohol and caffeine before bed
    • Eating spicy foods before bed
    • Loud music

    Pain Medication Fall

    • Wake the client and administer medication

    Non-Pharmacological Pain Management

    • Massage, distraction, guided imagery, hypnosis

    Hygiene Care for Cardiac/Respiratory Issues

    • Avoid showers or tub baths

    Low Blood Pressure Symptoms

    • Dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness

    Oral Hygiene for Unconscious Patients

    • Avoid pouring water into the mouth
    • Use toothed sponges
    • Turn patient onto their side

    Total Care Definition

    • When a patient cannot care for themselves, the nursing team provides all care.

    Contractures Definition

    • Permanent tightening of muscles, tendons, skin, and tissues causing joint stiffness. This is usually caused by injury, scarring, or nerve damage, or by not using the muscles regularly.

    Orthostatic Hypotension Definition

    • Low blood pressure that occurs when standing up from a sitting or lying position, because blood vessels do not constrict (tighten) properly when standing

    Venous Thrombosis Interventions

    • Not listed in the document

    Atelectasis (and Prevention)

    • Collapse of lung tissue, caused by prolonged immobility;
    • Encourage movement, deep breaths, breathing exercises, incentive spirometer, change in body position (supine to upright)

    Orthopneic (Tripod) Position

    • Leaning forward and supporting the upper body with hands on knees or other surface;
    • Used to relieve shortness of breath when lying down due to orthopnea (a type of dyspnea).

    Medical Asepsis (Clean Technique)

    • Practices to minimize microorganisms in environments and on objects;
    • Hand hygiene, disinfection, personal protective equipment (PPE), proper waste disposal, and cleaning of the environment.

    Blood Pressure Definition

    • Pressure of blood against artery walls
    • Blood pressure is not constant and fluctuates throughout the day.

    Core vs. Tympanic Temperature

    • Core temperature (Tc) reflects internal organ temperature;
    • Tympanic temperature reflects heat from the tympanic membrane.

    Pulse Oximetry

    • Measures the amount of oxygen in blood (oxygen saturation).
    • Quickly assesses lung function and oxygen delivery to extremities.

    Capillary Refill

    • Quick test to asses blood flow in extremities.

    Respiratory Rate

    • Number of breaths per minute.
    • Respiration rate increases with fever, illness, and other conditions.

    Stridor

    • High-pitched, abnormal breathing sound due to narrowed airways;
    • Heard when inhaling or exhaling and can be caused by obstructions.

    Healthcare Associated Infections (HAI) Prevention

    • Hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent HAIs.

    Fever Purpose/Benefit

    • Part of the body's immune response to fight infections
    • Makes it harder for bacteria and viruses to survive
    • Activates the immune system to fight infection

    Medical Asepsis Examples

    • Hand hygiene
    • Disinfection
    • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
    • Cleaning environments
    • Proper waste disposal

    Tuberculosis PPE

    • Eye protection, gown, gloves, N95 respirator mask

    Restraints Use Guidelines

    • Restraints should be used as a last resort
    • Safety of patient, staff, and others
    • Should not be used for convenience or punishment
    • Proper techniques

    Fire Safety Protocol (RACE)

    • Remove: Get people away from the fire
    • Alarm: Notify others of the fire (“FIRE” or “CODE RED”)
    • Confine: Close doors to contain the fire
    • Evacuate/Extinguish: Leave the building following fire safety plan

    Nursing Resources for Evidence-Based Research

    • Systematic reviews
    • Databases like Cochrane Library

    Clinical Practice Guidelines

    • Developed statements to help healthcare providers make decisions about clinical circumstances.

    QI Process (Identifying Step)

    • Identifying opportunities for change
    • Defining objectives/requirements
    • Gathering/sorting data
    • Determining root causes
    • Ideating/implementing solutions
    • Continuously monitoring

    LVN Supervision Requirements

    • Practice under supervision of a physician, dentist, or registered nurse.

    Bed Safety Interventions

    • Lock bed wheels
    • Keep bed in lowest position

    Therapeutic Response Elements

    • Supportive, nonjudgmental
    • Acknowledge feelings
    • Use open-ended questions

    Chronic Pain Definition and Associated Conditions

    • Long-lasting pain (3+ months), which can be from illness, injury, or other causes;
    • Associated conditions include Arthritis, back pain, headaches, muscle strains/sprains, Fibromyalgia, nerve damage and broken bones.

    Objective Pain Findings (Nonverbal/Physiological)

    • Facial expressions (grimacing, frowning)
    • Behavior (restlessness, agitation)
    • Sounds (moaning, groaning)
    • Physiological markers (changes in vital signs, skin conductance)

    Eye Cleaning Infection Prevention

    • Wash hands prior to cleaning eyes
    • Use a separate part of the washcloth for each eye
    • Wipe from inner to outer canthus

    Pain Impact on Sleep

    • Pain can interfere with getting adequate sleep.

    Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions

    • Massage, soft music/lower noise levels, reduce light, Back rub, milk, and regular exercise in the mornings.

    Hygiene Purpose

    • Prevents infection and skin breakdown;
    • Promotes a sense of well-being.

    Gingivitis Definition

    • Earliest stage of gum disease
    • Plaque build-up on teeth leads to infection.
    • Red, swollen, bleeding gums.

    Flossing Purpose

    • Removes plaque and food particles from between teeth and along gum line; Prevents cavities and gum disease, halts plaque from hardening to tartar, and limits odor-causing bacteria buildup.

    Patient Pain Assessment Difficulty in Children

    • Difficulty describing pain
    • Fear of needles/medications

    Indirect Transmission of Microorganisms

    • Microorganism spread without direct human-to-human contact (e.g., contaminated surfaces, vectors like insects).

    Droplet Transmission

    • Pathogens transported through droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking
    • Droplets enter mucous membranes of a host or settle on a surface.

    Surgical Site Infection (SSI) Symptoms

    • Pain/tenderness
    • Redness
    • Swelling
    • Cloudy/pus-like drainage
    • Fever
    • Nausea/vomiting, Difficulty breathing and/or coughing.

    Orthostatic Hypotension

    • Drop in blood pressure due to standing;
    • Dizziness, Lightheadedness, Blurry vision, Mental confusion, Nausea, Fainting

    Pulse

    • Series of pressure waves in arteries from left ventricle contractions.
    • Measured in beats per minute (bpm).

    Korotkoff Sounds

    • Sounds heard during blood pressure measurement as the cuff deflates.
    • Caused by blood vibrations in the artery wall when blocked.

    Bradycardia

    • Slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm);
    • Fatigue, dizziness, lightheadedness, mental confusion, fainting, shortness of breath, chest pain, and disturbed sleep

    Fever Symptoms

    • Sweating
    • Rapid heartbeat
    • Chills
    • Headache
    • Muscle aches
    • Loss of appetite

    Eupnea

    • Normal, unlabored breathing.

    Joint Commission Patient Safety Goals

    • Correct patient identification
    • Improve staff communication
    • Safe medication use
    • Safe alarm use
    • Prevent infection/surgical site infections
    • Identify patient safety risks
    • Improve health care equity
    • Prevent mistakes in surgery

    Chain of Infection

    • Pathogen (disease causing organism)
    • Reservoir (where organism lives and grows)
    • Portal of exit (how organism leaves its host)
    • Mode of transmission (how it moves from one host to another)
    • Portal of entry (how it enters new host)
    • Susceptible host (organism that could be infected)

    Medical Asepsis (Clean Technique)

    • Practices to minimize the spread of infection.

    Standard Precautions

    • Hand hygiene
    • Respiratory hygiene precautions
    • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
    • Proper/safe waste disposal
    • Environmental cleaning

    Bed Positioning Interventions to Increase Safety

    • Lock bed wheels;
    • Keep beds at lowest position.

    Nursing Interventions for Confused Patients

    • Observe patients every hour; and monitor vital signs.
    • Preventing falls (Low bed position with brakes; bed rails, remove items from patient's reach);
    • Communicating gently; and limiting extraneous noises.
    • Promote sleep hygiene and regular activity schedules.

    Complications of Restraints

    • Strangulation, ischemia, cardiac stress, immobility, muscle weakness, skin injury, infection, incontinence, dehydration;
    • Psychological effects including anger, fear, and frustration.

    Cheyne-Stokes Respirations

    • Alternating periods of rapid and shallow breathing, with pauses between cycles.

    Pressure Injury Prevention Interventions

    • Assess risk;
    • Use support surfaces (e.g., specialty beds, foam overlays, cushions); Turn/reposition patients regularly
    • Maintain skin cleanliness and moisture;
    • Provide adequate nutrition and fluids.

    Cold Therapy Interventions

    • Application of ice packs,
    • Ice massage,
    • Ice baths to reduce pain and slow blood flow.
    • Monitor for shivering (and use assessment tools if needed) and for dehydration.

    Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions

    • Soft music, low noise.
    • Reduce light.
    • Massage.
    • Warm milk/relaxing beverage.
    • Regular morning exercise to promote sleep patterns.

    Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

    • Episodes of partial/complete upper airway collapse.
    • Results in poor quality sleep as the person frequently wakes up (in short periods of time but repeats many times).

    Body Temperature Regulation

    • Hypothalamus in brain compares body temperature to 37°C (98.5°F) and initiates response to adjust accordingly.
    • Afferent sensing (thermoreceptors) relay info from internal organs and skin.
    • Efferent response regulates blood flow, sweating, and muscular activity to maintain normal temperature.
    • If body temp is too low, blood flow decreases to extremities and muscles to heat-up the core.

    Rapid Blood Loss Effects

    • Hypovolemic shock
    • Tissue ischemia (inadequate oxygen supply to tissues)
    • Infarcts (tissue death in organs)
    • Sympathetic Nervous System activation.

    Back Injury Prevention for Nurses

    • Lift with legs, not back;
    • Bend at the knees;
    • Use mechanical lifts/assistance;
    • Adjust work environments;
    • Maintaining strong core muscles;
    • Getting ample sleep;
    • Exercise regularly.

    Patient Fall and Injury Prevention in Healthcare

    • Use monitors for constant vigilance;
    • Lock bed wheels;
    • Remove excess items.
    • Use bedside alert sensors;
    • Communicate gently with patient and family
    • Reduce noise and stimulation.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of nursing research principles and evidence-based practice. This quiz covers topics such as systematic reviews, clinical practice guidelines, and the role of journal clubs in nursing education. Enhance your knowledge in these crucial areas of healthcare research.

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