Nursing Pharmacology Final Exam Blueprint

Opioids are a group of drugs that relieve pain by affecting the central nervous system, causing drowsiness and reducing feelings of pain.

Naloxone is a medicine used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose, such as slowed breathing, sleepiness, and confusion.

Levodopa-Carbidopa is a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease by increasing dopamine levels in the brain.

Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic drug used to treat conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by blocking dopamine activity in the brain.

Lithium is a medication used to treat bipolar disorder. It affects the way nerve impulses are carried in the brain.

The therapeutic level for lithium is between 0.6 and 1.2 mEq/L. This range keeps the drug working effectively without causing harmful side effects.

MAOIs are a type of antidepressant that works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. They can interact with certain foods and medications, which can be dangerous.

Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs used for sedation, anxiety relief, and muscle relaxation. Flumazenil is the antidote for benzodiazepine overdose.

Antiseizure medications are used to prevent or control seizures, which are sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain.

Antifungal medications are used to treat fungal infections. They work by interfering with the growth and reproduction of fungi.

Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug used to treat serious fungal infections. It can cause side effects, such as fever, chills, and kidney problems.

Rifampin is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections.

Gentamicin is a powerful antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections. It has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning the difference between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose is small.

Lactulose is a medication used to treat constipation by drawing water into the intestines, making the stool softer and easier to pass.

Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that can damage the kidneys (nephrotoxicity) and the ears (ototoxicity) when used for a long time.

Acetylcysteine is the antidote for acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose. It helps protect the liver from damage caused by high levels of acetaminophen.

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation. It can cause gastrointestinal problems and kidney damage.

Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious condition that affects the brain and liver. It's linked to using aspirin in children with viral infections.

Low-dose aspirin is used to prevent heart attacks and strokes in people at risk. It helps to prevent blood clots from forming.

Warfarin is a blood thinner used to prevent blood clots. It's important to monitor blood clotting time (INR) and avoid foods high in Vitamin K while taking it, as that can affect its effectiveness.

Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Glucagon is the antidote for insulin overdose.

Levothyroxine is a medication used to treat hypothyroidism by replacing the thyroid hormone that's not being produced by the body.

Baroreceptors are tiny pressure sensors located in blood vessels. They send signals to the brain to help regulate blood pressure by adjusting heart rate and blood vessel width.

Nitroprusside is a medication used to lower blood pressure rapidly in emergencies, such as hypertensive crises.

Sustained-release medications are formulated to release the drug gradually over time, providing a longer lasting effect.

ACE inhibitors are a class of drugs used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure by preventing the production of a substance that constricts blood vessels.

Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and other conditions by removing excess water and sodium from the body while preserving potassium.

Loop diuretics are a powerful class of drugs that help remove excess water and salt from the body, which can help lower blood pressure and reduce swelling.

Metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) are devices used to deliver medication directly into the lungs, primarily for asthma and other respiratory conditions.

Ranitidine is a medication used to reduce stomach acid, which can help relieve heartburn, indigestion, and ulcers.

Asthma medications are used to control and prevent symptoms of asthma, such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

Hypothyroid dosing adjustments and lab monitoring are essential for managing hypothyroidism effectively. Regular thyroid hormone levels should be checked to ensure the medication dose is appropriate.

A bowel management program helps people with neurological deficiencies maintain regular bowel movements by incorporating techniques like dietary modifications, exercise, and medication.

Misoprostol is a medication used to prevent ulcers in people taking NSAID medications. It also helps induce labor and terminate pregnancy.

Acetazolamide is a medication used to treat high intracranial pressure (ICP) by reducing fluid buildup in the brain. It's also used for other conditions like glaucoma and mountain sickness.

Hydrochlorothiazide is a type of diuretic medication that helps remove extra water and salt from the body by affecting the kidneys, which can help lower blood pressure.

Cimetidine is a medication used to reduce stomach acid. Common side effects include headache, drowsiness, and constipation.

Clopidogrel is a medication that prevents blood clots from forming. It's contraindicated in patients with a history of stroke, bleeding disorders, or recent surgery.

Corticosteroids are medications used to reduce inflammation in asthma. They work by suppressing the immune system.

Antiemetics are medications used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting, often used in post-operative patients to help manage side effects from anesthesia.

Loop and potassium-sparing diuretics work together to remove excess water and salt from the body. Loop diuretics are more powerful, while potassium-sparing diuretics help preserve potassium levels.

Proton pump inhibitors are medications used to block the production of stomach acid. They're often prescribed for conditions like GERD, ulcers, and heartburn.

Glucocorticoids, also known as steroids, are medications used to control inflammation in a variety of conditions, including asthma. They can have significant side effects with long-term use, so careful monitoring is essential.

Digoxin is a medication used to treat heart failure by increasing the force and efficiency of the heart's contractions.

Glipizide is a medication used to help control blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. It stimulates the pancreas to release insulin.