Nursing Management of Diabetes Mellitus

A group of diseases marked by high blood sugar levels due to problems with insulin production or its effects.

A type of diabetes caused by the body's immune system attacking and destroying insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin.

A type of diabetes where the body doesn't use insulin properly or doesn't produce enough insulin to control blood sugar.

A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps move sugar from the blood into cells for energy.

High blood sugar levels.

An organ that produces insulin and other hormones, including glucagon to regulate blood sugar.

Clusters of cells within the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon.

The concentration of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

Autoimmune disease where the body attacks insulin-producing cells.

Body's insulin use problem; often linked to obesity.

High blood glucose during pregnancy due to hormones.

Higher-than-normal blood glucose, but not yet diabetes.

Cells don't respond effectively to insulin.

Obesity, lack of activity, family history & age.

Moves glucose from blood to cells.

Measures amount of glucose in blood.

Insulin helps move glucose from the blood into cells for energy, and stores glucose for later use.

Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose when blood sugar is low.

Pancreas produces little to no insulin due to immune system attack on insulin-producing cells.

Body cells don't respond well to insulin or don't produce enough.

Common signs of high blood sugar include increased urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and increased hunger (polyphagia).

Blood sugar level measured after an overnight fast to determine if blood glucose is high (diabetes.)

A healthy diabetic diet typically consists of 50-60% carbohydrates, 20-30% fat, and 10-20% protein.

Controlling calorie intake, maintaining a healthy weight, and preventing blood sugar fluctuations are key to managing diabetes through diet.

Managing diabetes through food choices to control blood sugar levels.

A measure of how quickly a food raises blood glucose levels.

Combining starchy foods with protein/fat slows blood sugar rise

Empty stomach alcohol intake increases hypoglycemia risk in diabetics.

Blood glucose levels should be controlled before exercise to prevent blood sugar spikes.

Diabetics taking insulin should eat a carb snack before exercise.

May need a snack after strenuous exercise to avoid hypoglycemia

Frequency of blood glucose checks varies based on insulin use, medications, and lifestyle adjustments.

Glucose attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells; reflects average blood glucose levels over 120 days.

A device that tracks blood sugar levels constantly for better management.

Loss of subcutaneous fat at the injection site due to insulin.

Development of fatty tissue bulges at insulin injection sites.

A permanent device that measures blood sugar and delivers insulin automatically.

Transplanting insulin-producing cells to help type 1 diabetics manage their condition.

Device for self-administering insulin in a precise dose.

Different ways to administer insulin, including pens, pumps, and injections.

Insulin facilitates potassium movement from the blood into cells.

Low potassium levels (hypokalemia) can lead to abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias).

Insulin reduces acid build-up by suppressing fat breakdown (ketone production).

A life-threatening diabetes complication with high blood sugar and severe dehydration.

Infections, certain medications, or major illnesses often trigger HHS (hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome).