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Questions and Answers
What characterizes Type 1 Diabetes?
What characterizes Type 1 Diabetes?
Which age group is most commonly affected by Type 2 Diabetes?
Which age group is most commonly affected by Type 2 Diabetes?
What is the main cause of Gestational Diabetes?
What is the main cause of Gestational Diabetes?
What defines Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG)?
What defines Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG)?
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Which is a common risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes?
Which is a common risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes?
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What could be a consequence of untreated Gestational Diabetes?
What could be a consequence of untreated Gestational Diabetes?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with Diabetes Mellitus?
Which of the following conditions is associated with Diabetes Mellitus?
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What physiological role does insulin play in the body?
What physiological role does insulin play in the body?
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What is the primary role of insulin in potassium management during administration?
What is the primary role of insulin in potassium management during administration?
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In the context of Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome, what is a key characteristic of the blood glucose levels?
In the context of Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome, what is a key characteristic of the blood glucose levels?
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What physiological change occurs due to insulin's effect on fat breakdown?
What physiological change occurs due to insulin's effect on fat breakdown?
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Which factor is most commonly associated with the onset of Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome?
Which factor is most commonly associated with the onset of Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome?
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What vital sign change might be observed in a patient experiencing severe dehydration related to Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome?
What vital sign change might be observed in a patient experiencing severe dehydration related to Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome?
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What is diabetes primarily characterized by?
What is diabetes primarily characterized by?
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Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for insulin secretion?
Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for insulin secretion?
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What type of diabetes involves a total lack of insulin?
What type of diabetes involves a total lack of insulin?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for diabetes?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for diabetes?
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What hormone is primarily secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas?
What hormone is primarily secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas?
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Diabetes is statistically linked with which of the following serious conditions?
Diabetes is statistically linked with which of the following serious conditions?
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What is the primary role of insulin in energy metabolism?
What is the primary role of insulin in energy metabolism?
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What triggers the pancreas to release glucagon?
What triggers the pancreas to release glucagon?
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What is a common characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?
What is a common characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?
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Which classification of diabetes is specifically associated with pregnancy?
Which classification of diabetes is specifically associated with pregnancy?
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What happens to glycosylated hemoglobin levels when blood glucose remains elevated?
What happens to glycosylated hemoglobin levels when blood glucose remains elevated?
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Which process does NOT occur when insulin is active?
Which process does NOT occur when insulin is active?
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What is a common complication associated with insulin therapy?
What is a common complication associated with insulin therapy?
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How does Type I Diabetes primarily differ from Type II Diabetes?
How does Type I Diabetes primarily differ from Type II Diabetes?
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Which method of insulin delivery is NOT currently available?
Which method of insulin delivery is NOT currently available?
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Which combination represents the correct caloric distribution recommended for diabetic patients?
Which combination represents the correct caloric distribution recommended for diabetic patients?
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Where is the preferred injection site for insulin administration?
Where is the preferred injection site for insulin administration?
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Which symptom is particularly associated with Type II Diabetes?
Which symptom is particularly associated with Type II Diabetes?
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What is lipoatrophy?
What is lipoatrophy?
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Which of the following is true about the fasting plasma glucose levels used in diabetes diagnosis?
Which of the following is true about the fasting plasma glucose levels used in diabetes diagnosis?
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Which new treatment option aims to continuously release insulin into the bloodstream?
Which new treatment option aims to continuously release insulin into the bloodstream?
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What role does insulin play in fat metabolism?
What role does insulin play in fat metabolism?
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What is the primary purpose of glycosylated hemoglobin testing?
What is the primary purpose of glycosylated hemoglobin testing?
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What is the expected duration of glycosylated hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the expected duration of glycosylated hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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What is one of the primary goals of diet therapy in diabetes management?
What is one of the primary goals of diet therapy in diabetes management?
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How can combining starchy foods with protein or fat affect glycemic response?
How can combining starchy foods with protein or fat affect glycemic response?
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Why should diabetic patients avoid drinking fruit juice instead of eating whole fruit?
Why should diabetic patients avoid drinking fruit juice instead of eating whole fruit?
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What is a potential risk if a diabetic patient consumes alcohol on an empty stomach?
What is a potential risk if a diabetic patient consumes alcohol on an empty stomach?
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What type of carbohydrate snack should patients requiring insulin consume before moderate exercise?
What type of carbohydrate snack should patients requiring insulin consume before moderate exercise?
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How often should patients who take insulin before meals monitor their blood glucose levels?
How often should patients who take insulin before meals monitor their blood glucose levels?
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When should blood glucose levels be tested for all patients, regardless of their insulin use?
When should blood glucose levels be tested for all patients, regardless of their insulin use?
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What is the recommended blood glucose level before exercising for diabetic patients?
What is the recommended blood glucose level before exercising for diabetic patients?
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Study Notes
Nursing Management of Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
- Defects in insulin production or action cause DM
- Pancreatic endocrine cells (alpha, beta, delta, and F cells) regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
- Alpha cells secrete glucagon
- Beta cells secrete insulin
- Delta cells secrete gastrin
- F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
- Insulin secretion is regulated chemically (glucose/amino acid levels) and hormonally (other hormones)
- Diabetes is a leading cause of:
- Non-traumatic amputations
- Blindness in working-age adults
- End-stage renal disease
- Is the 3rd leading cause of death (MI, stroke, peripheral vascular disease.)
Classification of Diabetes
- Type 1 diabetes (previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM):
- Characterized by a total lack of insulin production due to beta cell destruction
- Usually occurs in children and young adults.
- Genetic factors play a role.
- Type 2 diabetes (previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM):
- Characterized by insulin resistance and/or impaired insulin secretion.
- Often occurs in adults, frequently obese
- Frequently not diagnosed until complications appear.
- Gestational diabetes:
- Occurs during pregnancy
- Characterized by glucose intolerance
Causes and Risk Factors of Diabetes
- Family history of diabetes
- Obesity (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m²)
- Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
- History of gestational diabetes
- High blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg)
- Low HDL cholesterol (<35 mg/dL) and/or high triglycerides (≥250 mg/dL)
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes
- Fatigue
- Muscle weakness
- Nausea
- Severe vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Muscle wasting
- Vision changes
- Numbness/tingling in hands or feet
- Dry skin
- Slow-healing skin lesions
Assessment and Diagnosis of DM
- Fasting plasma glucose (normal: 70-110 mg/dL)
- Random blood glucose (≥200 mg/dL)
- Two-hour post-load glucose (≥200 mg/dL)
Nutritional Management of DM
- Control total caloric intake to achieve or maintain a healthy weight
- Control blood glucose intake
- 50-60% of calories from carbohydrates
- 20-30% of calories from fat
- 10-20% of calories from protein
Exercise and DM
- Blood glucose should not exceed 250 mg/dL prior to exercise
- Exercise with elevated blood glucose levels can increase glucagon and growth hormone secretion from the liver, potentially elevating blood glucose further.
- Patients who need insulin should consider a 15-gram carbohydrate snack prior to moderate exercise
- Patients should eat a snack after prolonged or strenuous exercise to prevent post-exercise hypoglycemia
- Adjust self-monitoring frequency in response to exercise regimen and other lifestyle changes.
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)
- Frequency depends on treatment type (insulin, oral meds) and lifestyle changes.
Complications of Diabetes
- Acute complications include hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
- Long-term complications include:
- Cardiovascular diseases (coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease)
- Neuropathy (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy)
- Foot problems
- Complications of insulin administration include lipoatrophy (loss of subcutaneous fat) and lipohypertrophy (development of fibro-fatty tissue
Oral Anti-Diabetic Agents
- Used if lifestyle modifications are insufficient
- Examples include biguanides, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of nursing management for diabetes mellitus, including its classification and the role of pancreatic hormones. Understand the impact of diabetes on health and explore key concepts related to insulin production, regulation, and related complications. Prepare to test your knowledge of diabetes management in nursing practice.
