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Questions and Answers
What is the preferred laboratory test for assessing malnutrition due to its quick response to inadequate nutrition?
What is the preferred laboratory test for assessing malnutrition due to its quick response to inadequate nutrition?
- Albumin measurement
- Prealbumin assessment (correct)
- Complete blood count
- Electrolyte panel
Older adults are at the least risk for decreased perfusion due to non-modifiable risk factors.
Older adults are at the least risk for decreased perfusion due to non-modifiable risk factors.
False (B)
List two foods rich in potassium (K+).
List two foods rich in potassium (K+).
Bananas, Potatoes
Decreased peripheral perfusion can result in _____ and may lead to tissue ulcers or cell death.
Decreased peripheral perfusion can result in _____ and may lead to tissue ulcers or cell death.
Match the signs and symptoms to the type of decreased perfusion:
Match the signs and symptoms to the type of decreased perfusion:
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
Hyperglycemia is characterized by low blood sugar levels.
Hyperglycemia is characterized by low blood sugar levels.
Name one potential complication of hyperglycemia.
Name one potential complication of hyperglycemia.
One risk factor for diabetes includes ______.
One risk factor for diabetes includes ______.
Match the medical condition with its respective intervention:
Match the medical condition with its respective intervention:
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for fluid and electrolyte imbalances?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for fluid and electrolyte imbalances?
It is advisable to avoid crossing legs to decrease the risk of clotting.
It is advisable to avoid crossing legs to decrease the risk of clotting.
What should a patient do if they experience redness and warmth in their lower extremities?
What should a patient do if they experience redness and warmth in their lower extremities?
Anticoagulants are also known as ______.
Anticoagulants are also known as ______.
Which symptom is NOT associated with hypoglycemia?
Which symptom is NOT associated with hypoglycemia?
What is Respiratory Acidosis characterized by?
What is Respiratory Acidosis characterized by?
Infiltration occurs when an IV catheter is inserted correctly but the vein ruptures.
Infiltration occurs when an IV catheter is inserted correctly but the vein ruptures.
What are two common symptoms of phlebitis?
What are two common symptoms of phlebitis?
Metabolic Alkalosis is characterized by a pH greater than 7.35 and HCO3 greater than ______ mEq/L.
Metabolic Alkalosis is characterized by a pH greater than 7.35 and HCO3 greater than ______ mEq/L.
What is the most significant risk associated with anticoagulants?
What is the most significant risk associated with anticoagulants?
Match the treatment options with the condition:
Match the treatment options with the condition:
NSAIDs decrease the risk of peptic ulcers and gastritis.
NSAIDs decrease the risk of peptic ulcers and gastritis.
List one side effect of NSAIDs related to the gastrointestinal system.
List one side effect of NSAIDs related to the gastrointestinal system.
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for phlebitis?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for phlebitis?
Excessive CO2 retention in the body leads to the formation of ______, which decreases blood pH.
Excessive CO2 retention in the body leads to the formation of ______, which decreases blood pH.
What is the technical term used when a damaging drug enters the tissues from an IV?
What is the technical term used when a damaging drug enters the tissues from an IV?
Match the following side effects with their corresponding medication type:
Match the following side effects with their corresponding medication type:
Which of the following is a sign of thrombocytopenia?
Which of the following is a sign of thrombocytopenia?
Anemia can be caused by NSAIDs due to chronic blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract.
Anemia can be caused by NSAIDs due to chronic blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract.
What condition is marked by redness, pain, swelling, and warmth in the legs and indicates increased clotting?
What condition is marked by redness, pain, swelling, and warmth in the legs and indicates increased clotting?
A drop in platelet count associated with heparin is known as ______.
A drop in platelet count associated with heparin is known as ______.
What is provided through patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for post-operative pain control?
What is provided through patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for post-operative pain control?
What is the primary component of extracellular fluid?
What is the primary component of extracellular fluid?
Transcellular fluid is part of the interstitial fluid compartment.
Transcellular fluid is part of the interstitial fluid compartment.
List the two major divisions of extracellular fluid.
List the two major divisions of extracellular fluid.
The fluid secreted by epithelial cells is referred to as ______.
The fluid secreted by epithelial cells is referred to as ______.
Which of the following is NOT a sign of acute hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of acute hemolytic transfusion reaction?
It is important to administer antihistamines in response to febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions.
It is important to administer antihistamines in response to febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions.
What should a nurse do first when a febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction is suspected?
What should a nurse do first when a febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction is suspected?
Signs of severe allergic reactions may include ______ and ______.
Signs of severe allergic reactions may include ______ and ______.
Match the transfusion reactions to their signs and symptoms:
Match the transfusion reactions to their signs and symptoms:
Flashcards
Respiratory Acidosis pH
Respiratory Acidosis pH
Blood pH lower than 7.35, with PaCO2 higher than 45 mmHg, indicating a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Respiratory Alkalosis pH
Respiratory Alkalosis pH
Blood pH higher than 7.35, with PaCO2 lower than 35 mmHg, resulting from hyperventilation.
Metabolic Acidosis pH
Metabolic Acidosis pH
Blood pH lower than 7.35, with HCO3 (bicarbonate) levels below 22 mEq/L, suggesting an issue in bicarbonate production.
Metabolic Alkalosis pH
Metabolic Alkalosis pH
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Phlebitis definition
Phlebitis definition
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Infiltration treatment
Infiltration treatment
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Phlebitis treatment
Phlebitis treatment
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Intracellular fluid
Intracellular fluid
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Extracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
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Intravascular fluid
Intravascular fluid
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Transcellular fluid
Transcellular fluid
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Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
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Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
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Allergic transfusion reaction
Allergic transfusion reaction
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Severe allergic transfusion reaction
Severe allergic transfusion reaction
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Blood transfusion reaction intervention
Blood transfusion reaction intervention
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NSAIDs and Anemia
NSAIDs and Anemia
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Anticoagulants and Bleeding
Anticoagulants and Bleeding
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Excessive Clotting (Venous Thrombosis)
Excessive Clotting (Venous Thrombosis)
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Diminished Clotting
Diminished Clotting
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Respiratory Acidosis (CO2)
Respiratory Acidosis (CO2)
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Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)
Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)
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Excessive CO2 in the Blood
Excessive CO2 in the Blood
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Side Effects of Anticoagulants
Side Effects of Anticoagulants
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Side effects of Opioids (CNS)
Side effects of Opioids (CNS)
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Signs of decreased clotting
Signs of decreased clotting
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Prealbumin
Prealbumin
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Decreased Perfusion
Decreased Perfusion
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Modifiable Risk Factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
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Peripheral Perfusion
Peripheral Perfusion
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Central Perfusion
Central Perfusion
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Insulin's Role
Insulin's Role
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Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
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Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia
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Diabetes Risk Factors
Diabetes Risk Factors
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Managing Diabetes
Managing Diabetes
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Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
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Electrolyte Imbalance
Electrolyte Imbalance
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Preventing Blood Clotting
Preventing Blood Clotting
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Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants
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Primary Prevention
Primary Prevention
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Study Notes
Exam 2 Study Guide
- Fluid and Electrolytes (Potter & Perry Chapter 42): Includes normal values for electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, total CO2, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, anion gap) and arterial blood gases (pH, PaCO2, PaO2, O2 saturation, base excess).
- Overview of Health Concepts for Medical-Surgical Nursing (Ignatavicius Chapter 3): Covers general health concepts.
- Antihypertensive and Anemia Drugs (Lilley Chapters 22 and 54): Details antihypertensive medications and anemia drugs.
Metabolic Acidosis
- Signs and Symptoms (Physical): Kussmaul respirations, decreased level of consciousness, abnormal heartbeat (hypokalemia), abdominal pain (nausea & vomiting), and low blood pressure.
- Signs and Symptoms (Lab): pH below 7.35, HCO3 below 21.
- Important Considerations: Acidosis leads to a chain reaction, where dehydration worsens the problem and hypokalemia disrupts heart signals..
Metabolic Alkalosis
- Causes: Increase of bicarbonate (excessive administration of sodium bicarbonate, massive blood transfusion, mild/moderate ECV deficit), loss of metabolic acid (vomiting, NGT suction, hypokalemia, dehydration, excess aldosterone).
- Signs and Symptoms (Physical): Lightheadedness, numbness/tingling (fingers, toes, circumoral), muscle cramps, decreased level of consciousness, and dysrhythmias.
- Signs and Symptoms (Lab): pH above 7.45, HCO3 above 28 (compensated).
Respiratory Acidosis
- Causes: Not breathing out enough CO2.
- Signs & Symptoms (Physical): Decreased level of consciousness (lethargy, confusion, coma), abdominal pain, dysrhythmias
- Signs & Symptoms (Lab): pH below 7.35, PaCO2 above 45, HCO3 normal (compensated) above 28.
Respiratory Alkalosis
- Causes: Breathing out too much CO2 quickly.
- Signs & Symptoms (Physical): Lightheadedness, numbness/tingling (fingers, toes, circumoral region), increased respirations, dysrhythmias
- Signs & Symptoms (Lab): pH above 7.45, PaCO2 below 35, HCO3 normal (uncompensated) below 21.
Blood Gases
- Normal Values: pH (7.35-7.45), PaCO2 (35-45 mmHg), PaO2 (80-100 mmHg), HCO3 (21-28 mEq/L).
Phlebitis and Infiltration
- Phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein, often due to IV solutions, rapid infusion rates, medications, improper catheter placement. Symptoms include redness, swelling, warmth, and pain at the IV site.
- Infiltration: Occurs when IV fluid leaks into the surrounding tissues. Symptoms include swelling, coolness, blanching of the area, and edema.
Hyperkalemia
- Causes: Increased potassium intake, insufficient insulin, shift of potassium from cells into the extracellular fluid, decreased potassium output.
- Symptoms: Muscle weakness, life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.
Hypokalemia
- Causes: Loss of potassium, diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, use of potassium-sparing diuretics, or adrenal insufficiency
- Symptoms: Muscle weakness, life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea
Blood Transfusion Reactions
- Febrile Nonhemolytic Reaction (FNHTR): Immune response to white blood cells, such as fever, chills, headache, and vomiting.
- Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (AHTR): Incompatible blood transfusions; symptoms such as fever, chills, tachycardia, hypotension, abdominal pain, chest pain, back pain, flank pain, dyspnea, and shock.
- Allergic Reaction (Allergic Transfusion Reaction): Signs like urticaria, pruritus, facial flushing, and mild wheezing.
- Severe Allergic Reaction: Hypotension, tachycardia, urticaria, bronchospasm, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.
- Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI): Symptoms include fever, respiratory failure, hypoxemia, hypotension, and pulmonary edema.
- Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO): Symptoms include dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, orthopnea, jugular vein distention, hypertension, and cough.
Other important conditions:
- Anemia: Low red blood cell count.
- Chronic Kidney Disease: Kidney impairment; symptoms include fatigue, swelling, changes in urination, high blood pressure, nausea/vomiting.
- Diabetes Mellitus: Elevated blood sugar; symptoms include fatigue, increased urination, and thirst.
- Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD): Impaired blood flow to the extremities, resulting in pain, coolness, and decreased pulses.
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Description
Prepare for your Nursing Exam 2 with this comprehensive study guide that covers essential topics like Fluid and Electrolytes, metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, and key medications such as antihypertensive and anemia drugs. Each concept is crucial for understanding medical-surgical nursing and effective patient care.
