Nursing Ethics and Theories Quiz

Legal Principles in Nursing

• Laws dictate societal behavior.
• Legal responsibility for healthcare workers can be civil or criminal.
• Circumstances determine liability.
• Standards of care outline legal nursing practice minimums.
• Standards reflect the knowledge and skills of practicing professionals.
• Turkish Nurses Association (TNA) sets nursing standards, policies, and resolutions.

Civil and Common Law Issues in Nursing Practice

• Tort: A civil wrong against person or property.
• Tort types include intentional, quasi-intentional, and unintentional.
• Intentional Torts: Examples include battery (hitting) and defamation (harming reputation).
• Quasi-intentional Torts: Examples include acts like invading someone's privacy unintentionally.
• Unintentional Torts: Examples include medical errors (negligence), mistakes, or accidents like giving wrong medication.

Assault and Battery

• Assault: Threat to harm a patient physically, even without contact.
• Examples of assault include threatening injections or restraints without consent.
• Battery: Intentional touching without consent.
• Occurs when the nurse performs a procedure beyond the scope of consent.
• Example: performing a procedure different from what the patient agreed to.
• Consent is key for avoiding battery.

Invasion of Privacy

• Invasion of privacy involves releasing a patient's confidential medical information to unauthorized individuals.
• Examples of unauthorized individuals include the press, the patient's employer, or family members.
• Medical information is shared only for medical treatment reasons.
• Respect patient wishes regarding sharing information with family.
• Don't assume family members know patient's private medical history.

Negligence and Malpractice

• Negligence: Conduct below the standard of care.
• Example: a driver failing to stop at a stop signal or hanging wrong medication.
• Malpractice: Specific type of negligence, often in a professional context.
• Establishing malpractice requires proving the nurse had a duty, broke that duty, caused harm, and the injury resulted from the broken duty.

Causes of Medical Malpractice Claims (2017-2021)

• Data chart presented showing the percentage for various causes of medical malpractice claims.

Consent

• Signed consent forms needed for routine treatments and hazardous ones.
• Procedures like surgery, chemotherapy, and research require consent.
• Patients sign general consent upon admission.
• Specific consent forms are required for specialized procedures.
• Nurses should understand their state laws and institutional policies regarding consent.

Informed Consent

• Informed consent is a patient's agreement to a procedure.
• Only valid in certain settings, typically in emergency situations, or when a patient is legally competent to give it.
• Without informed consent, a patient may sue for negligence.

Nursing Students

• Nursing students are liable if their actions harm patients.
• Students, instructors, hospitals, and institutions are often jointly liable.
• Students must act and perform tasks like professionals.
• They shouldn't perform tasks without guidance from a staff nurse or instructor.

Abandonment and Assignment Issues

• Health care providers are responsible for directing medical treatment.
• Nurses should obey orders except when an order poses a clear error or harm.
• Nurses must assess all orders for potential mistakes or harm.
• Clarification is needed from the health care provider for any unclear, inaccurate, or harmful orders.

Theoretical Foundations of Nursing

• Theory-based nursing practice is crucial for design and implementation of care interventions.
• Nursing expertise comes from a blend of knowledge and experience.
• Clinical knowledge combined with theories is the basis of patient approach.

Nursing Theories

• Nursing theories are organized knowledge defining nursing.
• Nursing theories distinguish nursing from other disciplines, particularly medicine.
• Frameworks for nursing practice guided by concepts and purposes that are intended to be more concrete and explicit.
• Nursing theories provide direction for practice, research, and education and enhance patient care.

History of Nursing Theories

• Florence Nightingale first presented a theory of nursing in the 19th Century.
• Nightingale's theory emphasized the role of the environment in recovery.
• Hildegard Peplau's theory emphasizes interpersonal relations and nurse-patient interactions.
• Virginia Henderson's theory centered on patient independence in meeting fundamental needs.

Classification of Nursing Theories

• Grand theories, Middle-range theories, and Practice-Level theories are categories of nursing theories related to scope.
• These categories focus on different aspects of the nursing metaparadigm.
• Nursing metaparadigm concepts give boundaries, common viewpoints, and activities for the discipline.

The Nursing Metaparadigm (Person, Environment, Health, Nursing)

• Person: The individual, family, group, community, that receives nursing care.
• Environment: Internal and external conditions affecting the patient and includes physical and psychological conditions.
• Health: The degree of wellness or well-being experienced by the patient.
• Nursing: What nurses do and how they act toward patient health.

The Domain of Nursing

• Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to potential health problems.
• Nursing's scope is broad.
• Nurses don't diagnose conditions, but assess and develop nursing diagnoses responses to health conditions.

Grand Theories

• Broad and Conceptual (big ideas about nursing).
• Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory: Focuses on the role of the environment in recovery.
• Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory: Nurses help patients who can't manage self-care needs.

Middle-range Nursing Theories

• Limited scope, address a specific nursing phenomenon.
• Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Theory: How nurses progress in skill and proficiency.
• Pender's Health Promotion Model: Encourages patients to take steps to improve health.

Practice-Level Nursing Theories

• Very specific, daily nursing actions.
• Theory of Wound Healing: Focuses on specific steps for wound healing.
• Postpartum Depression Theory: Assisting new mothers experiencing postpartum depression.

Nursing Theorists

• Florence Nightingale (Environmental Theory)
• Hildegard Peplau (Interpersonal Relations)
• Virginia Henderson (Nursing Need Theory)
• Faye Glenn Abdellah (21 Nursing Problems Theory)
• Ida Jean Orlando (Nursing Process Theory)
• Myra Estrin Levine (Conservation Model)
• Joyce Travelbee (Human-to-Human Relationship Model)
• Betty Neuman (System Model)
• Sister Callista Roy (Adaptation Model)
• Dorothea Orem (Self-Care Theory)

Nursing Models

• Maternal Role Attainment Theory (Ramona Mercer): Framework for mother and baby interactions.
• Self-Efficacy Theory (Alberta Bandura): personal factors to influence self-efficacy.
• Life Perspective Rhythm Model (Joyce Fitzpatrick): Taxonomy for nursing concepts enhancing development.
• Health Promotion Model (Nola Pender): Increasing patient's well-being.
• Gordon's Functional Health Patterns Model: Patterns to collect patient data.
• Virginia Henderson's 14 Needs: Model for daily nursing actions.
• Roper-Logan-Tierney Model

Continuing Evolution of Nursing Theory

• Nursing practice is rooted in legal and theoretical foundations.
• Key nurse theorists shape modern practice and research.
• Understanding concepts and theories is essential for superior practice and patient outcomes.