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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which structure should the nurse explain as providing the genetic code for a gene?
Which structure should the nurse explain as providing the genetic code for a gene?
- Piece of RNA
- Piece of DNA
- Protein (correct)
- Cell
Why should the nurse closely monitor the patient's white blood cell (WBC) count during chemotherapy?
Why should the nurse closely monitor the patient's white blood cell (WBC) count during chemotherapy?
- Chemotherapy drugs cause polycythemia and can precipitate thrombosis.
- Chemotherapy drugs depress the bone marrow, which can lead to infection and an increase in WBC count. (correct)
- Chemotherapy drugs attack WBCs and shorten their life span, which increases risk for infection.
- Chemotherapy drugs cause proliferation of blood cells, which can lead to sluggish circulation.
What dietary change can help protect against cancer?
What dietary change can help protect against cancer?
- Reduced dietary salt intake reduces malignancy development.
- Reduced dietary fat intake can lower cancer risk. (correct)
- Increased intake of milk products will lower the risk of cancer development.
- Increased intake of beef and poultry decreases the risk of malignancy.
Which term should the nurse consider when documenting a malignant tumor of the bone?
Which term should the nurse consider when documenting a malignant tumor of the bone?
Which laboratory finding would cause the nurse to be most concerned about metastasis in a patient treated for breast cancer?
Which laboratory finding would cause the nurse to be most concerned about metastasis in a patient treated for breast cancer?
Which statement indicates that teaching has been effective regarding a needle biopsy?
Which statement indicates that teaching has been effective regarding a needle biopsy?
What should the nurse cite as the reason for radiation treatments before surgery?
What should the nurse cite as the reason for radiation treatments before surgery?
What is the meaning of a high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level?
What is the meaning of a high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level?
What does a tumor in situ (TIS) mean?
What does a tumor in situ (TIS) mean?
What is the purpose of palliative surgery?
What is the purpose of palliative surgery?
How should the nurse document a patient's complaint of a very dry mouth after radiation therapy?
How should the nurse document a patient's complaint of a very dry mouth after radiation therapy?
Which nursing intervention is most important for a patient with leukopenia?
Which nursing intervention is most important for a patient with leukopenia?
A patient receiving chemotherapy displays a nosebleed after treatment. What should be the nurse's priority action?
A patient receiving chemotherapy displays a nosebleed after treatment. What should be the nurse's priority action?
Which nursing diagnosis should the nurse consider while further assessing the patient?
Which nursing diagnosis should the nurse consider while further assessing the patient?
A patient develops fatigue related to radiation therapy. Which intervention is the most appropriate for this patient?
A patient develops fatigue related to radiation therapy. Which intervention is the most appropriate for this patient?
Which assessment finding suggests that the patient is experiencing pericardial effusion?
Which assessment finding suggests that the patient is experiencing pericardial effusion?
During the assessment of a patient receiving epoetin alfa for anemia, what finding should the nurse be most observant of?
During the assessment of a patient receiving epoetin alfa for anemia, what finding should the nurse be most observant of?
Which platelet count might indicate spontaneous bleeding?
Which platelet count might indicate spontaneous bleeding?
Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching about cancer risk factors?
Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching about cancer risk factors?
For what yearly screening test for colorectal cancer should the nurse assess a 58-year-old patient?
For what yearly screening test for colorectal cancer should the nurse assess a 58-year-old patient?
Which type of cancer are women most at risk of dying from?
Which type of cancer are women most at risk of dying from?
For which tumor diameter should the nurse evaluate the report to determine if cancer is present?
For which tumor diameter should the nurse evaluate the report to determine if cancer is present?
Which patient does the nurse suspect is in need of nutritional support?
Which patient does the nurse suspect is in need of nutritional support?
What should the nurse do to ensure personal safety when preparing an oral chemotherapeutic medication?
What should the nurse do to ensure personal safety when preparing an oral chemotherapeutic medication?
What are the characteristics of a cell that has undergone mitosis?
What are the characteristics of a cell that has undergone mitosis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells?
Which foods should the nurse instruct the patient to avoid to reduce cancer risk?
Which foods should the nurse instruct the patient to avoid to reduce cancer risk?
Which types of cancer are common for both men and women?
Which types of cancer are common for both men and women?
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Genetics and Cancer Basics
- Genes provide the genetic code primarily through proteins, which are fundamental in regulating functions in cells.
- The TNM staging system classifies tumors based on size, location, and spread; TIS indicates a tumor that hasn't invaded beyond its original site.
Chemotherapy and Its Effects
- Chemotherapy depletes white blood cells by suppressing bone marrow, raising infection risks and potentially increasing WBC counts following treatment.
- Common side effects of chemotherapy include alopecia (hair loss) and changes in urine color, particularly with doxorubicin, which can turn urine bright red.
- Chemotherapy primarily affects rapidly dividing cells, resulting in side effects in hair, blood, and gastrointestinal cells.
Nutrition and Patient Care
- Dietary changes can impact cancer risk; reducing fat intake may lower colon, breast, and prostate cancer risks.
- Patients on chemotherapy require careful monitoring for weight stability, as changes in weight can reflect their nutritional status and treatment effects.
Types of Tumors
- Sarcomas are malignant tumors arising from connective tissue, while adenomas and osteomas are generally benign.
- Elevated serum calcium may indicate metastasis due to bone deterioration, particularly concerning breast cancer patients.
Surgical Interventions
- Palliative surgeries focus on improving quality of life and comfort rather than curing cancer.
- Radiation therapy may shrink tumors before surgery but does not eliminate the need for chemotherapy or post-operative radiation.
Patient Support and Education
- Providing diversional activities can help alleviate feelings of isolation for patients with radioactive implants.
- Ensuring proper hand hygiene among healthcare staff is crucial for protecting patients with leukopenia from infections.
Complications and Monitoring
- Tarry stools in patients with thrombocytopenia indicate potential gastrointestinal bleeding and require immediate reporting.
- Symptoms such as edema and shortness of breath in patients with lung cancer may suggest pericardial effusion, a serious condition needing prompt intervention.
Key Considerations in Cancer Care
- Effective patient education and support are critical, including explaining treatment processes like biopsies and the purpose of PSA levels.
- Emphasizing comfort measures and early intervention for complications can enhance patient outcomes and quality of life during treatment.### Nursing Care and Patient Assessment
- Cardiac tamponade requires monitoring of respiratory status, vital signs, and intake/output.
- Elevating the head of the bed aids in maximum lung expansion and potential edema assessment.
Epoetin Alfa and Patient Monitoring
- Epoetin alfa is prescribed for anemia in chemotherapy patients; blood pressure must be closely monitored due to heart disease risk.
- Elevated blood pressure is a critical finding to observe during assessments.
Platelet Counts and Spontaneous Bleeding
- A platelet count below 20,000/mm³ indicates risk for spontaneous bleeding; a count of 15,000/mm³ is concerning.
- Normal platelet count ranges between 150,000 to 300,000/mm³.
Cancer Risk Factors Education
- High-fat diets and excessive consumption of pickled and smoked foods are linked to increased cancer risk.
- Patients should be taught about the benefits of a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and fiber.
Colorectal Cancer Screening
- Annual stool tests for blood are recommended for colorectal cancer screening starting at age 50.
- Alternative screening methods include flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy at advised intervals.
Cancer Mortality and Women's Health
- Lung cancer presents the highest mortality risk for women, despite breast cancer being more prevalent.
Tumor Detection and Size
- Tumor dimensions around 1 cm are significant for detection; smaller tumors may not be easily identifiable.
Nutritional Needs in Cancer Patients
- An albumin level below 3 g/dL indicates potential need for nutritional support.
- Sodium, calcium, and white blood cell counts are not primary indicators for nutritional assessment.
Oral Chemotherapy Safety
- Protective gloves are essential when preparing oral chemotherapy medications.
- Crushing chemotherapy pills compromises their efficacy and should be avoided.
Cellular Mutation in Cancer
- Mutations lead to malignant cell growth, marked by DNA errors and impaired cellular function.
- Cancer cells grow uncontrollably and can invade nearby tissues.
Characteristics of Mitosis
- Mitosis results in two identical cells, each with 46 chromosomes and a nuclear membrane.
Features of Malignant Tumors
- Malignant tumors exhibit rapid growth, invasiveness, and the ability to metastasize, contrasting with normal tissue structures.
Managing Mucositis from Radiation Therapy
- Effective management includes discouraging alcohol, tobacco, and extremes in food temperatures while promoting neutral mouthwash use.
Colony-Stimulating Drugs in Cancer Treatment
- Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Epoetin alfa are colony-stimulating factors that can aid patients with low blood cell counts after chemotherapy.
Characteristics of Cancer Cells
- Cancer cells are deemed immortal, resulting from genetic mutations, and are capable of destroying normal cellular structure.
Dietary Recommendations for Cancer Prevention
- Alcohol, smoked meats, and charbroiled foods should be avoided to reduce cancer risks.
Common Cancers in Men and Women
- Skin and lung cancers are prevalent among both men and women, diverging from others like prostate or breast cancer.
Cancer Prevention in Native American Communities
- Emphasizing traditional exercises, native language materials, and incorporating healing practices is crucial in these seminars.
Safety While Caring for Patients on Radioactive Isotopes
- Maintaining distance, using protective barriers, and limiting time spent with radioactive patients ensure safety for caregivers.
Nutritional Interventions for Chemotherapy Patients
- Providing oral care before meals, offering nutmeg in foods, and sour foods like lemon can help mitigate chemotherapy-induced nausea.
Symptom Relief for Lung Cancer Patients
- Elevating the head of the bed, removing restrictive clothing, and avoiding venipuncture in arms are key actions to relieve neck edema and shortness of breath.
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