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Questions and Answers
What are the three components of the cardiovascular system?
What are the three components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, Blood, Blood vessels
What is the primary function of the heart?
What is the primary function of the heart?
To pump blood throughout the body
Which chamber of the heart is known as the right atrium?
Which chamber of the heart is known as the right atrium?
What is the intrinsic heart rate of the SA node?
What is the intrinsic heart rate of the SA node?
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The ______ is the amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat.
The ______ is the amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat.
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What are the three factors that determine stroke volume?
What are the three factors that determine stroke volume?
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Which of the following represents the cardiac output?
Which of the following represents the cardiac output?
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The left ventricle has a higher pressure than the right ventricle.
The left ventricle has a higher pressure than the right ventricle.
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What does the P wave in the action potential represent?
What does the P wave in the action potential represent?
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What does the acronym COLD SPA stand for in subjective data gathering?
What does the acronym COLD SPA stand for in subjective data gathering?
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What is nocturia?
What is nocturia?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Cardiovascular System
- The cardiovascular system is the body's transportation system, comprising the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
- Key relationship exists between anatomical structures and physiological functions in the cardiovascular system.
Components of the Cardiovascular System
- Heart: Hollow, muscular organ with four chambers located in the mediastinum.
- Blood: The fluid that circulates, delivering oxygen and nutrients.
- Blood Vessels: Include arteries, veins, and capillaries for blood transport.
Heart Structure and Function
- Chambers of the Heart: Right Atrium (RA), Right Ventricle (RV), Left Atrium (LA), Left Ventricle (LV).
- Valves: Tricuspid, Pulmonic, Bicuspid, and Aortic to regulate blood flow.
Coronary Arteries
- Responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle.
Cardiac Electrophysiology
- Nodal and Purkinje cells display three characteristics: automaticity, excitability, and conductivity.
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Pacemakers:
- SA Node: 60-100 bpm, dominant pacemaker.
- AV Node: 40-60 bpm, back-up pacemaker.
- Ventricular Cells: 20-45 bpm, secondary pacemakers.
Action Potential and Heart Waves
- Nodal and Purkinje Cells generate and transmit electrical impulses causing contraction of cardiac myocytes.
- PQRST Waveform: Represents atrial and ventricular contractions and relaxations.
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume
- Cardiac Output: Total volume of blood ejected by a ventricle per minute.
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Stroke Volume: Blood volume ejected per heartbeat influenced by:
- Preload: Degree of stretch of ventricular fibers.
- Afterload: Resistance faced during blood ejection.
- Contractility: Force of myocardial contraction.
Cardiovascular Assessment
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Subjective Data Gathering:
- Demographic data (age, race, gender, heredity).
- History of present illness, including chief complaints and symptom onset.
Presenting Symptoms
- Assess symptoms using COLD SPA method:
- C: Character of symptoms.
- O: Onset timing.
- L: Location of pain.
- D: Duration of symptoms.
- S: Severity on a scale.
- P: Pattern of symptoms.
- A: Associated factors.
Clinical Manifestations
- Common cardiovascular symptoms include:
- Chest pain
- Palpitations
- Dyspnea: Imbalance between arterial oxygen supply and demand.
- Orthopnea: Dyspnea when lying flat.
- Cough: May indicate pulmonary congestion.
- Nocturia: Frequent urination at night.
Pain Assessment
- Use the PQRST method for assessing pain:
- P: Precipitating factors.
- Q: Quality of pain (e.g., crushing, burning).
- R: Region/radiation of pain.
- S: Severity (0-10 scale).
- T: Timing of pain episodes.
Past Medical History
- Review childhood illnesses, immunizations, previous illnesses, and hospitalizations to assess risk factors.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the essential concepts of oxygenation and perfusion within the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It covers anatomical structures, physiological functions, and the importance of assessing cardiac risk factors in patients with cardiovascular disease. Test your knowledge and understanding of these critical nursing topics.
