NUR 370: Intro to Pharmacology & Pathophysiology

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following cellular adaptations is characterized by a decrease in cell size due to decreased workload or a threatened environment?

Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

Hypertrophy

Atrophy (correct)

What is the primary mechanism by which a cell undergoes atrophy?

Increased cell death

Increased protein synthesis

Decreased protein synthesis (correct)

Increased cell division

Which of the following cellular adaptations is characterized by an increase in the number of cells, often seen in response to injury or increased demand?

Hyperplasia (correct)

Metaplasia

Atrophy

Hypertrophy

What is the main difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, while hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of cells. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The process of programmed cell death, where cells self-destruct in a controlled manner, is known as:

Apoptosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how drugs can modify cellular activity?

By replacing a chemical the cell may lack, stimulating cellular activity, slowing cellular activity, or interfering with the function of foreign cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The rate at which a drug reaches the circulating fluids and tissues is known as:

Absorption (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects how quickly a drug is distributed throughout the body?

The amount of drug protein binding. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the liver primarily impact drug activity in the body?

By transforming the drug into inactive substances for excretion. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A client with impaired kidney function is at risk of:

Drug build-up in the body, leading to toxic effects. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'first-pass effect' in drug administration?

It decreases the concentration of oral drugs in the blood. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration typically bypasses many of the body's absorption barriers?

Intravenous (A) Signup and view all the answers

A drug that is 'loosely bound' to proteins in the bloodstream will typically:

Act quickly with a fast release. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which of the following best describes the role of a nurse in relation to pharmacology?

Administering medications, assessing effects, educating clients, and preventing medication errors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of preclinical trials in drug development?

To establish that the drug has a wide enough margin of safety before humans are involved. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A drug's trade name is characterized by which of the following?

It is given by the pharmaceutical company and is typically capitalized. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of Phase 2 drug trials?

Studying the drug in clients who have the specific disease that the medication is meant to treat. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between a drug's generic name and its trade name?

The generic name is the original name from the drug approval process, while the trade name is given by the pharmaceutical company. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pharmacodynamics' refer to?

The study of how chemicals in the body interact with foreign chemicals that enter the body. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of continuous evaluation in Phase 4 of drug trials?

To continue to monitor the drug's safety and efficacy in real-world use after it has been approved. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the requirements of a drug's generic version?

It must contain the same active ingredients as its brand-name counterpart, but is sold at a lower cost. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary factor influencing drug effects, according to the provided material?

Educational background (D) Signup and view all the answers

A patient is taking an herbal supplement alongside prescribed medication. What potential risk does this combination pose, according to the document?

It may lead to drug interactions, altering therapeutic levels. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications?

They can mask symptoms of disease, potentially delaying a diagnosis. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the nursing role in drug therapy, which of the following is NOT considered one of the 'Rights'?

Right diagnosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for maintaining cellular integrity and homeostasis?

Cell membrane (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of receptor sites in the cell membrane?

To react with chemicals and create a cell reaction (B) Signup and view all the answers

Surface antigens on cells, also known as histocompatibility antigens, serve what primary purpose?

To distinguish between self and non-self cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a type of drug interaction?

Drug-alternative therapy interaction (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires energy to move substances across the concentration gradient?

Active transport (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

Covers and lines surfaces (C) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis occur?

S phase (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport involves the movement of water from lower to higher solute concentration?

Osmosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting phase of the cell cycle known as?

G0 phase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of muscle tissue?

Changes shape of organs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cellular adaptation is true?

Adaptation may lead to changes in shape, number, or type (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type is primarily involved in communication within the body?

Nervous tissue (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Module 1 – Intro to Pharmacology & Pathophysiology

NUR 370 course
Instructor: Rebecca Young, MS, RN, CCRN

Learning Objectives

Summarize the multifaceted role of a nurse in drug administration, ensuring patient safety and providing education related to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical therapies.
Explain the mechanism of action, indications, expected and unexpected outcomes of medications, and the drug approval process (pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics).
Differentiate between normal and abnormal anatomy and function of cells and tissues.
Describe the cell cycle and strategies for preventing/protecting cells in the human body.

What is Pharmacology?

The study of biological effects of chemicals.

Clinical Pharmacology

Examines the effects of drugs on the body.
Investigates the body's response to drugs.
Nurse's role includes:
- Administration
- Assessment of effects
- Interventions
- Client education
- Prevention of medication errors

Drug Evaluation and Approval

Regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Preclinical trials: no human participants, high safety margin.
4 phases of drug trials:
- Phase 1: tests safety, dosage, and effects in human participants.
- Phase 2: studies the drug's effects in clients with the specific target disease.
- Phase 3: increases the sample size of clients treated to better determine efficacy.
- Phase 4: continual evaluation after drug approval.

Phases of Drug Development

Various stages of drug development leading to FDA approval.
Drugs that fail screening are dropped from further study.

Drug Names

Trade name (brand name): given by the pharmaceutical company marketing the drug; capitalized, and appears above the generic name.
Generic name: original drug name at the beginning of the drug approval process; cost less, same active ingredients, potentially different inactive ingredients.

Pharmacodynamics

Interaction of chemicals within the body, especially drug interaction with the body's own chemicals.
Receptors, sensitivity of receptors and the amount/duration of chemical acting on receptors.
Effect on enzyme systems within cells
Replacing/substituting missing chemicals, stimulating/increasing cellular activity, depressing/decreasing cellular activity, or interfering with foreign cells.

Pharmacokinetics

How drugs travel through the body.
Principles of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)
Explains how the drug concentration within the body is determined by the four factors of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Question: Which route of administration of a drug is the fastest?

Intravenous (IV)

Absorption (Pharmacokinetics)

Time it takes for a drug to enter circulating fluids (blood) and tissues.
Factors such as GI tract, skin, mucous membranes, veins, and lungs impact the speed and amount of absorption.

Distribution (Pharmacokinetics)

Tissue perfusion; movement of drug to tissues.
Protein binding; tightly bound drugs act slowly, whereas loosely bound drugs act quickly. If a drug is bound too tightly, the body cannot use the drug.
Cell membrane permeability.

Metabolism (Pharmacokinetics)

Liver is the main site.
Converts drugs into non-toxic substances, enabling excretion.
First-pass effect: decrease in concentration of an oral drug as it circulates.

Excretion (Pharmacokinetics)

Primarily by kidneys, but also through skin, saliva, lungs, and bile.
Monitor clients with kidney damage to prevent toxic drug effects.

Pharmacokinetics Summary

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion determine drug concentration within the body.

Pharmacodynamics vs. Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics: what the drug does to the body.
Pharmacokinetics: what the body does to the drug.
Each deals with drug action at different levels.

Factors influencing drug effects

Environmental factors
Tolerance
Accumulation
Interactions:
- Drug-drug interactions
- Drug-food interactions
- Drug-laboratory test interactions
Physiological, pathological, genetic, immunological, and psychological factors

Other Drug Considerations

Pregnancy categories; potential teratogenic risk.
Herbal therapies are not regulated by the FDA; can interact with other drugs.
Over-the-counter (OTC) medications; can interact with prescription drugs and mask disease symptoms.

Nursing Role in Drug Therapy

Right client, right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation, right storage, right preparation.

Basics of the Cell

Structural unit of the body; forms tissues and organs.
Structures include nucleus (DNA and RNA), cell membrane (integrity and homeostasis), cytoplasm (cellular metabolism), and organelles (specific functions).

Homeostasis: The Cell's Main Goal

Maintaining a stable internal environment.
Cell membrane plays a crucial role in substance exchange and includes receptor sites, surface antigens (self-identification), and channels (ion and water transport).

Movement Across the Cell Membrane

Passive transport (no energy):
- Simple diffusion (higher to lower solute concentration).
- Facilitated diffusion (protein channels or carriers).
- Osmosis (water movement from higher to lower water concentration).
Active transport (energy required): moves substances against concentration gradient.

Cell Cycle

G0 (resting phase): cell is stable
G1 (gap 1), S (synthesis), G2 (gap 2), and M (mitosis) phases of DNA replication and cell division.

Tissue Types

Epithelial (covers body surfaces), Connective (supports/binds structures), Nervous (communication), Muscle (movement).

Cellular Adaptation

Cells adapt to changes in environment, workload, or threat by adjusting their shape, number, or type.
- Atrophy (decrease in cell size),
- Hypertrophy (increase in cell size),
- Hyperplasia (increase in cell number),
- Metaplasia (replace one cell type with another),
- Dysplasia (disorganized cell growth), apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Apoptosis

Process of programmed cell death to regulate cell number or eliminate damaged/old cells.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from Learning Module 1 of the NUR 370 course, focusing on the role of nurses in pharmacology and pathophysiology. Participants will explore drug administration, mechanisms of action, and the differentiation between normal and abnormal cellular functions. It aims to enhance understanding of clinical pharmacology and its application in nursing practice.