Questions and Answers
What is ASCVD?
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
List four antiplatelets.
Aspirin, Ticagrelor, Clopidogrel, Tirofiban
What is patient education for someone diagnosed with hyperlipidemia? (Select all that apply)
A patient is diagnosed with hyperlipidemia and is prescribed medication. Which of the following education is correct? (SATA)
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What medications can be given to improve cardiac contractility?
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What do the terms inotropic and contractility mean?
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What are four classes of antiarrhythmics?
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What is adenosine used to treat?
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What is common in the MOA of all antiarrhythmics?
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With what two diseases do we worry most about fluid overload?
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Why do all patients with atrial fibrillation need to be on an anticoagulant?
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What is the reversal agent for warfarin?
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What is the formula for cardiac output?
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What are the six rights of medication administration?
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What is bruising a sign of?
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What drug has the longest half-life this module?
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What medication should be taken with food?
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What electrolytes does digoxin impact?
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What affects does a high afterload have on stroke volume?
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Are oral anticoagulants and oral antiplatelet medications available via IV?
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What is the target level for total cholesterol?
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What is the target level for low-density lipoprotein (LDL)?
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What is the target level for triglycerides?
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What is the target level for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)?
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Study Notes
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD)
- Determines the need for statin therapy in patients and the appropriate dosage levels (low, medium, high).
Antiplatelet Medications
- Common antiplatelets include: Aspirin, Ticagrelor, Clopidogrel, and Tirofiban.
Patient Education for Hyperlipidemia
- Recommendations include weight reduction, increased exercise, and reduced intake of saturated fats.
Medication Adherence for Hyperlipidemia Patients
- Educate patients to take medication at bedtime, maintain a diet and exercise regimen, and routinely check labs.
Medications Improving Cardiac Contractility
- Medications such as Amrinone, Milrinone, Dobutamine, and Digoxin enhance heart contractility.
Concepts of Inotropic and Contractility
- These terms refer to increasing the strength and force of heart contractions.
Classes of Antiarrhythmics
- Includes: Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers), Class II (Beta Blockers), Class III (Potassium Channel Blockers), Class IV (Calcium Channel Blockers).
Adenosine Use
- Primarily used to treat supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) by lowering heart rate.
Mechanism of Action in Antiarrhythmics
- All antiarrhythmics primarily function to reduce heart rate.
Diseases Concerned with Fluid Overload
- Most concern arises in heart failure and kidney disease patients.
Anticoagulant Necessity in Atrial Fibrillation
- To prevent stroke and clot formation.
Reversal Agents
- Warfarin: Vitamin K
- Heparin: Protamine sulfate
- Rivaroxaban: Andexanet alfa
- Dabigatran: Idarucizumab
- General reversal for antiplatelets: Platelets
- General reversal for anticoagulants: Plasma
Amiodarone Black Box Warnings
- Includes pro-arrhythmic effects, pulmonary toxicity, and hepatotoxicity.
Cardiac Output Calculation
- Cardiac output is determined by the formula: Stroke Volume x Heart Rate.
Understanding Preload
- Refers to the volume returning to the heart; optimal levels depend on patient condition.
Understanding Afterload
- Indicates the pressure the heart must work against; managing it depends on the patient's blood pressure status.
Monitoring for Respiratory Infection
- Medications like Betablockers and Amiodarone warrant caution due to risk signs.
Non-Pharmacologic Interventions for Heart Failure
- Recommendations include restricting salt and fluid intake.
Beta Blocker Indications
- Treats conditions such as anxiety, hypertension, heart failure, and dysrhythmias.
Types of Beta Blockers
- Include Non-Selective (e.g., Propranolol), Cardio Selective (e.g., Torsemide), and Cardio Selective with vasodilator effects.
Anticoagulant vs. Antiplatelet Mechanisms
- Anticoagulants prevent clotting, while antiplatelets inhibit platelets from aggregating.
Over-the-Counter Antiplatelet
- Aspirin is commonly available as an OTC option.
Patient Education for Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets
- Includes bleeding precautions and signs like bleeding gums or bruising.
Heparin's Role in Myocardial Infarction
- Prevents further clot formation and reduces damage during myocardial infarction.
Labs to Monitor with Warfarin
- Requires monitoring of PT and INR levels regularly.
Indications for Alteplase
- Used in cases such as stroke, heart attack, and pulmonary embolism.
Digoxin Administration
- Requires assessment of apical pulse beforehand.
Medications to Hold with Bradycardia
- Include Amiodarone, Labetalol, and Digoxin among others.
Teachings related to TPA Administration
- Avoid in patients with recent surgery, trauma, or uncontrolled hypertension.
First-Line Drug Class for Hyperlipidemia
- Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are commonly prescribed.
Foods Rich in Vitamin K
- Includes broccoli and other leafy green vegetables.
Adverse Effects of Ezetimibe
- Common side effect noted is nasopharyngitis.
Monoclonal Antibodies for High LDL Treatment
- Includes Alirocumab and Evolocumab, aimed at lowering LDL levels.
Target Cholesterol Levels
- Total cholesterol: under 200
- LDL: under 100
- Triglycerides: under 150
- HDL: over 50 in females, over 40 in males.
Warfarin Interaction Alerts
- Notable for highly interactive potential with various medications.
DOAC Preference Reasons
- They require less lab monitoring and have fewer interactions.
Common Side Effects of Statins
- Muscle aches and discomfort are frequently observed.
Six Rights of Medication Administration
- Include drug, dose, documentation, patient, route, and timing.
Ejection Fraction
- Refers to the percentage of blood the left ventricle ejects, approximately 55%-70%.
Hypertensive Emergency Threshold
- Defined as a blood pressure reading of 180/120.
Shock Monitoring Priorities
- Blood pressure is the most critical vital sign to monitor in shock conditions.
Gemfibrozil Administration
- Should be taken with food to enhance efficacy.
Digoxin Impact
- It mainly affects potassium levels in the body.
Starting Treatment for Hyperlipidemia
- Usually initiated with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors like Atorvastatin or Rosuvastatin.
High Afterload Effects
- Result in decreased stroke volume performance.
Assessment of Polyuria
- Important in cases of diabetes, kidney, heart issues, or during fluid administration.
Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with CVD
- Includes myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
Isosorbide Dinitrate Usage
- Prescribed for heart failure and commonly given alongside hydralazine.
Furosemide Administration Rate
- Recommended to be administered at 20mg/min.
Role of Lifestyle Modifications in Managing Hyperlipidemia
- Helpful, but most patients will still require medication for management.
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Description
This quiz covers topics related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) and other health-related concepts. Prepare for your NUR 354 exam with this study guide.
