Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the ultimate dependence of the nation's air traffic control system?
What is the ultimate dependence of the nation's air traffic control system?
Why is it important for both pilots and controllers to observe proper and correct communications procedures?
Why is it important for both pilots and controllers to observe proper and correct communications procedures?
What has been designated as the international language for ATC communications worldwide?
What has been designated as the international language for ATC communications worldwide?
Why will pilots and controllers continue to rely on human communication into the twenty-first century?
Why will pilots and controllers continue to rely on human communication into the twenty-first century?
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What might be the direct cause of an aircraft accident according to the text?
What might be the direct cause of an aircraft accident according to the text?
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What is the main reason for controllers needing a proper understanding of communications procedures and phraseology?
What is the main reason for controllers needing a proper understanding of communications procedures and phraseology?
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What type of equipment do most controllers use for mobility during communication?
What type of equipment do most controllers use for mobility during communication?
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What range do aviation support communication frequencies typically cover?
What range do aviation support communication frequencies typically cover?
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Which altitude measurement is typically used for cloud ceilings?
Which altitude measurement is typically used for cloud ceilings?
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What is the range of air traffic control (ATC) communication frequencies for domestic VHF operational control?
What is the range of air traffic control (ATC) communication frequencies for domestic VHF operational control?
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How should every altitude be communicated for clarity?
How should every altitude be communicated for clarity?
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What is the standard type of radio frequency equipment used by most controllers for communication?
What is the standard type of radio frequency equipment used by most controllers for communication?
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How should altitude at flight levels be pronounced?
How should altitude at flight levels be pronounced?
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What should pilots use to adjust their aircraft's altimeter?
What should pilots use to adjust their aircraft's altimeter?
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What is the basis of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)?
What is the basis of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)?
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How should wind direction be measured?
How should wind direction be measured?
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What should controllers suffix UTC time with?
What should controllers suffix UTC time with?
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What should foreign pilots do if they use the metric system?
What should foreign pilots do if they use the metric system?
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How is minimum descent or decision height altitudes (MDA/DH) pronounced?
How is minimum descent or decision height altitudes (MDA/DH) pronounced?
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What should be used to convert local time to UTC?
What should be used to convert local time to UTC?
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How is wind velocity measured?
How is wind velocity measured?
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What should be used to measure wind speed and direction when the devices are inoperative?
What should be used to measure wind speed and direction when the devices are inoperative?
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What should be suffixed to average wind direction if it is constantly changing?
What should be suffixed to average wind direction if it is constantly changing?
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What does UTC stand for?
What does UTC stand for?
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What was the primary means of pilot-controller communication in the US air traffic control system since 1936?
What was the primary means of pilot-controller communication in the US air traffic control system since 1936?
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Why did early radio communication not allow pilots to communicate with controllers?
Why did early radio communication not allow pilots to communicate with controllers?
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What rendered the navaid useless while the controller was transmitting instructions?
What rendered the navaid useless while the controller was transmitting instructions?
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What did the addition of transmitting equipment to aircraft result in?
What did the addition of transmitting equipment to aircraft result in?
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What is the interim solution that was implemented before simplex communications?
What is the interim solution that was implemented before simplex communications?
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What are the disadvantages of duplex communications mentioned in the text?
What are the disadvantages of duplex communications mentioned in the text?
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What is the primary means of communication in the US air traffic control system now?
What is the primary means of communication in the US air traffic control system now?
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What type of frequencies are most US ATC facilities using for routine air-to-ground communication?
What type of frequencies are most US ATC facilities using for routine air-to-ground communication?
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Why does the FCC assign the same frequency to multiple facilities?
Why does the FCC assign the same frequency to multiple facilities?
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What does the FCC need to carefully determine before assigning frequencies to high-altitude aircraft?
What does the FCC need to carefully determine before assigning frequencies to high-altitude aircraft?
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Which organization allocates radio frequency bands for aeronautical communications?
Which organization allocates radio frequency bands for aeronautical communications?
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What is used as an interim solution before simplex communications?
What is used as an interim solution before simplex communications?
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How are variable wind speeds communicated?
How are variable wind speeds communicated?
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How is wind direction measured?
How is wind direction measured?
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How are runway numbers based?
How are runway numbers based?
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How are radio frequencies communicated?
How are radio frequencies communicated?
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How are L/MF frequencies suffixed?
How are L/MF frequencies suffixed?
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How are VHF/UHF frequencies indicated?
How are VHF/UHF frequencies indicated?
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How are MLS and TACAN channels issued?
How are MLS and TACAN channels issued?
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How are aircraft speeds measured?
How are aircraft speeds measured?
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How are ATC facilities identified?
How are ATC facilities identified?
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What do navy airports use to differentiate from civilian facilities?
What do navy airports use to differentiate from civilian facilities?
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Which type of clearances are required for IFR or participating VFR aircraft in controlled airspace?
Which type of clearances are required for IFR or participating VFR aircraft in controlled airspace?
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How are radials from a VOR described?
How are radials from a VOR described?
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How are bearings from NDBs expressed?
How are bearings from NDBs expressed?
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What is used to identify a group of low-altitude airways?
What is used to identify a group of low-altitude airways?
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How are intersections along an airway described?
How are intersections along an airway described?
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What are types of clearances that can be issued?
What are types of clearances that can be issued?
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What must be included in IFR clearances?
What must be included in IFR clearances?
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What is used to identify aircraft?
What is used to identify aircraft?
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Proper and correct communications procedures are not crucial for the safe operation of the air traffic control system.
Proper and correct communications procedures are not crucial for the safe operation of the air traffic control system.
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The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has designated French as the international language for ATC communications worldwide.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has designated French as the international language for ATC communications worldwide.
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Many accidents and incidents over the last fifty years can be attributed to proper and understood communications.
Many accidents and incidents over the last fifty years can be attributed to proper and understood communications.
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Improvements to the air traffic control communications system have made it completely independent of verbal or written communication.
Improvements to the air traffic control communications system have made it completely independent of verbal or written communication.
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English is not the international language for ATC communications worldwide, as designated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
English is not the international language for ATC communications worldwide, as designated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
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Controllers do not need to possess a proper understanding of communications procedures and phraseology.
Controllers do not need to possess a proper understanding of communications procedures and phraseology.
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Simplex communication allows pilots to communicate with controllers using one discrete frequency
Simplex communication allows pilots to communicate with controllers using one discrete frequency
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Early radio communication in the US air traffic control system was two-way
Early radio communication in the US air traffic control system was two-way
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Duplex communication requires pilots to switch frequencies to communicate with different controllers
Duplex communication requires pilots to switch frequencies to communicate with different controllers
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The FCC assigns different frequencies to high-altitude aircraft to minimize potential interference
The FCC assigns different frequencies to high-altitude aircraft to minimize potential interference
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Most US ATC facilities use VHF and UHF for routine air-to-ground communication
Most US ATC facilities use VHF and UHF for routine air-to-ground communication
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Radio communication has been the primary means of pilot-controller communication in the US air traffic control system since 1936
Radio communication has been the primary means of pilot-controller communication in the US air traffic control system since 1936
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Ground-based navaids were modified to allow controllers to transmit instructions using the navigation aid frequencies
Ground-based navaids were modified to allow controllers to transmit instructions using the navigation aid frequencies
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Controllers were able to communicate with pilots but not vice versa in early radio communication
Controllers were able to communicate with pilots but not vice versa in early radio communication
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Simplex communication was used as an interim solution before duplex communication
Simplex communication was used as an interim solution before duplex communication
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The primary means of communication in the US air traffic control system now is duplex communication
The primary means of communication in the US air traffic control system now is duplex communication
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The FCC carefully determines potential interference problems before assigning frequencies to high-altitude aircraft
The FCC carefully determines potential interference problems before assigning frequencies to high-altitude aircraft
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Various international agreements allocate radio frequency bands for aeronautical communications
Various international agreements allocate radio frequency bands for aeronautical communications
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Most controllers use radio equipment with a boom mike and headset assembly for mobility.
Most controllers use radio equipment with a boom mike and headset assembly for mobility.
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Wind speed and direction are communicated using the same guidelines globally.
Wind speed and direction are communicated using the same guidelines globally.
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Altitudes are typically measured above mean sea level, except for cloud ceilings which are measured above ground level.
Altitudes are typically measured above mean sea level, except for cloud ceilings which are measured above ground level.
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Runway numbers are based on true headings.
Runway numbers are based on true headings.
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Radio frequencies are communicated with each digit enunciated individually.
Radio frequencies are communicated with each digit enunciated individually.
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Every altitude should be separated into thousands and hundreds for clear communication.
Every altitude should be separated into thousands and hundreds for clear communication.
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MLS and TACAN channels are issued as two-digit numbers.
MLS and TACAN channels are issued as two-digit numbers.
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Communication frequencies are assigned to each facility and can be used by any controller there.
Communication frequencies are assigned to each facility and can be used by any controller there.
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Aviation support communication frequencies range from 123.325 to 136.975.
Aviation support communication frequencies range from 123.325 to 136.975.
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Aircraft speeds are always measured in miles per hour.
Aircraft speeds are always measured in miles per hour.
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ATC facilities are identified by name using only the type of facility or operating position.
ATC facilities are identified by name using only the type of facility or operating position.
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Air traffic control (ATC) communication frequencies include 126.200 (military common), 128.825 to 132.000 (domestic VHF operational control), and others.
Air traffic control (ATC) communication frequencies include 126.200 (military common), 128.825 to 132.000 (domestic VHF operational control), and others.
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L/MF frequencies are suffixed with 'kilohertz'.
L/MF frequencies are suffixed with 'kilohertz'.
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Controllers must use standard phraseology and procedures, including identification of self and aircraft, standardized pronunciation of numbers and letters, and clear enunciation of serial numbers and altitudes.
Controllers must use standard phraseology and procedures, including identification of self and aircraft, standardized pronunciation of numbers and letters, and clear enunciation of serial numbers and altitudes.
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Most controllers use radio equipment with a boom mike and headset assembly for mobility.
Most controllers use radio equipment with a boom mike and headset assembly for mobility.
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VHF/UHF frequencies use the decimal point.
VHF/UHF frequencies use the decimal point.
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Navy airports are suffixed with 'navy' to differentiate them from civilian facilities.
Navy airports are suffixed with 'navy' to differentiate them from civilian facilities.
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Controllers communicate with each other and pilots using a switching panel and overhead speakers.
Controllers communicate with each other and pilots using a switching panel and overhead speakers.
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Wind direction is measured in degrees from magnetic north.
Wind direction is measured in degrees from magnetic north.
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Altitudes are typically measured above mean sea level, except for cloud ceilings which are measured above ground level.
Altitudes are typically measured above mean sea level, except for cloud ceilings which are measured above ground level.
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Altitudes are typically measured above mean sea level, except for cloud ceilings which are measured above ground level.
Altitudes are typically measured above mean sea level, except for cloud ceilings which are measured above ground level.
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Wind speeds are noted with the word 'gusts' and the peak speed.
Wind speeds are noted with the word 'gusts' and the peak speed.
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Aviation support communication frequencies range from 123.325 to 136.975.
Aviation support communication frequencies range from 123.325 to 136.975.
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Aircraft speeds are suffixed with 'knots'.
Aircraft speeds are suffixed with 'knots'.
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UTC is based on Coordinated Universal Time (GMT) and has a 24-hour clock system without 'a.m' or 'p.m'
UTC is based on Coordinated Universal Time (GMT) and has a 24-hour clock system without 'a.m' or 'p.m'
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Local time should be converted to UTC by adding or subtracting time difference indicated in the chart
Local time should be converted to UTC by adding or subtracting time difference indicated in the chart
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Controllers should suffix UTC time with 'zulu' and local time with 'local'
Controllers should suffix UTC time with 'zulu' and local time with 'local'
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Wind velocity is measured in knots
Wind velocity is measured in knots
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If wind measurement devices are inoperative, wind speed and direction are preceded by 'estimated'
If wind measurement devices are inoperative, wind speed and direction are preceded by 'estimated'
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Pilots must be given proper barometric pressure (altimeter settings) to adjust aircraft's altimeter, with each digit enunciated individually
Pilots must be given proper barometric pressure (altimeter settings) to adjust aircraft's altimeter, with each digit enunciated individually
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UTC, also known as coordinated universal time, is used in ATC system worldwide and eliminates time zone confusion
UTC, also known as coordinated universal time, is used in ATC system worldwide and eliminates time zone confusion
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Altitude pronunciation: flight levels should be preceded by 'flight level' and each number enunciated individually
Altitude pronunciation: flight levels should be preceded by 'flight level' and each number enunciated individually
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Minimum descent or decision height altitudes (MDA/DH) should be preceded by altitude type and each number enunciated individually
Minimum descent or decision height altitudes (MDA/DH) should be preceded by altitude type and each number enunciated individually
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Wind direction is measured in reference to magnetic north and rounded off to nearest 10°
Wind direction is measured in reference to magnetic north and rounded off to nearest 10°
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Foreign pilots who use metric system must convert issued altimeter settings to millibars or request metric setting from controller
Foreign pilots who use metric system must convert issued altimeter settings to millibars or request metric setting from controller
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If wind direction is constantly changing, 'variable' is suffixed to average wind direction
If wind direction is constantly changing, 'variable' is suffixed to average wind direction
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Airways have route identification pronounced in individual form, with 'victor' for low-altitude airways and 'jay' for jet routes.
Airways have route identification pronounced in individual form, with 'victor' for low-altitude airways and 'jay' for jet routes.
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Radials from a VOR are described using the VOR name, radial number (enunciated individually), and the suffix 'radial.'
Radials from a VOR are described using the VOR name, radial number (enunciated individually), and the suffix 'radial.'
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Bearings from NDBs are expressed as magnetic bearings from the station with the station's identifying name and 'radio beacon' or 'outer compass locator' suffix.
Bearings from NDBs are expressed as magnetic bearings from the station with the station's identifying name and 'radio beacon' or 'outer compass locator' suffix.
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Intersections along an airway are described using either the approved intersection name or the VOR radial and DME distance from the VOR.
Intersections along an airway are described using either the approved intersection name or the VOR radial and DME distance from the VOR.
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Clearances are not required for IFR or participating VFR aircraft in controlled airspace, authorizing pilots to proceed to a certain point or perform a specific maneuver.
Clearances are not required for IFR or participating VFR aircraft in controlled airspace, authorizing pilots to proceed to a certain point or perform a specific maneuver.
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Clearances include identifying the aircraft, ATC facility, and issuing the clearance or instruction.
Clearances include identifying the aircraft, ATC facility, and issuing the clearance or instruction.
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Types of clearances include takeoff, instrument approach procedure, airport or navigational fix, touch and go, stop and go, low approach, option, and ILS approach.
Types of clearances include takeoff, instrument approach procedure, airport or navigational fix, touch and go, stop and go, low approach, option, and ILS approach.
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IFR clearances must include aircraft identification, the word 'cleared,' clearance limit, departure instructions, route of flight, and altitude assignments, among other items.
IFR clearances must include aircraft identification, the word 'cleared,' clearance limit, departure instructions, route of flight, and altitude assignments, among other items.
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Aircraft are identified using non-standard procedures for clarity and to avoid confusion and misdirected instructions.
Aircraft are identified using non-standard procedures for clarity and to avoid confusion and misdirected instructions.
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The word 'victor' is used for jet routes and 'jay' for low-altitude airways.
The word 'victor' is used for jet routes and 'jay' for low-altitude airways.
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Clearances are not required for IFR or participating VFR aircraft in controlled airspace, authorizing pilots to proceed to a certain point or perform a specific maneuver.
Clearances are not required for IFR or participating VFR aircraft in controlled airspace, authorizing pilots to proceed to a certain point or perform a specific maneuver.
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Intersections along an airway are described using only the approved intersection name.
Intersections along an airway are described using only the approved intersection name.
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Match the following communication methods with their descriptions:
Match the following communication methods with their descriptions:
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Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
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Match the following statements with their correct implications:
Match the following statements with their correct implications:
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Match the following characteristics with their correct descriptions:
Match the following characteristics with their correct descriptions:
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Match the following terms with their correct usage in ATC communications:
Match the following terms with their correct usage in ATC communications:
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Match the following communication equipment with their typical usage:
Match the following communication equipment with their typical usage:
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Match the following altitude measurements with their typical reference point:
Match the following altitude measurements with their typical reference point:
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Match the following frequency ranges with their typical usage:
Match the following frequency ranges with their typical usage:
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Match the following communication guidelines with their description:
Match the following communication guidelines with their description:
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Match the following with their proper enunciation:
Match the following with their proper enunciation:
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Match the following with their proper usage:
Match the following with their proper usage:
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Match the following with their proper measurement method:
Match the following with their proper measurement method:
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Match the following with their proper communication requirement:
Match the following with their proper communication requirement:
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Match the following aviation communication elements with their enunciation guidelines:
Match the following aviation communication elements with their enunciation guidelines:
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Match the following communication elements with their specific suffixes:
Match the following communication elements with their specific suffixes:
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Match the following aviation communication elements with their specific prefixes:
Match the following aviation communication elements with their specific prefixes:
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Match the following aviation communication elements with their specific suffixes or prefixes:
Match the following aviation communication elements with their specific suffixes or prefixes:
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Match the following airway route identifications with their corresponding altitudes:
Match the following airway route identifications with their corresponding altitudes:
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Match the following descriptions with their corresponding airspace clearances:
Match the following descriptions with their corresponding airspace clearances:
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Match the following airway intersection descriptions with their corresponding methods of identification:
Match the following airway intersection descriptions with their corresponding methods of identification:
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Match the following types of airway clearances with their requirements:
Match the following types of airway clearances with their requirements:
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Match the following types of radials with their descriptions:
Match the following types of radials with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
-
Airways have route identification pronounced in group form, with "victor" for low-altitude airways and "jay" for jet routes.
-
Radials from a VOR are described using the VOR name, radial number (enunciated individually), and the suffix "radial."
-
Bearings from NDBs are expressed as magnetic bearings from the station with the station's identifying name and "radio beacon" or "outer compass locator" suffix.
-
Intersections along an airway are described using either the approved intersection name or the VOR radial and DME distance from the VOR.
-
Clearances are required for IFR or participating VFR aircraft in controlled airspace, authorizing pilots to proceed to a certain point or perform a specific maneuver.
-
Clearances include identifying the aircraft, ATC facility, and issuing the clearance or instruction.
-
Types of clearances include takeoff, instrument approach procedure, airport or navigational fix, touch and go, stop and go, low approach, option, and ILS approach.
-
IFR clearances must include aircraft identification, the word "cleared," clearance limit, departure instructions, route of flight, and altitude assignments, among other items.
-
Aircraft are identified using standard procedures for clarity and to avoid confusion and misdirected instructions.
-
Airways have route identification pronounced in group form, with "victor" for low-altitude airways and "jay" for jet routes.
-
Radials from a VOR are described using the VOR name, radial number (enunciated individually), and the suffix "radial."
-
Bearings from NDBs are expressed as magnetic bearings from the station with the station's identifying name and "radio beacon" or "outer compass locator" suffix.
-
Intersections along an airway are described using either the approved intersection name or the VOR radial and DME distance from the VOR.
-
Clearances are required for IFR or participating VFR aircraft in controlled airspace, authorizing pilots to proceed to a certain point or perform a specific maneuver.
-
Clearances include identifying the aircraft, ATC facility, and issuing the clearance or instruction.
-
Types of clearances include takeoff, instrument approach procedure, airport or navigational fix, touch and go, stop and go, low approach, option, and ILS approach.
-
IFR clearances must include aircraft identification, the word "cleared," clearance limit, departure instructions, route of flight, and altitude assignments, among other items.
-
Aircraft are identified using standard procedures for clarity and to avoid confusion and misdirected instructions.
-
Radio communication has been the primary means of pilot-controller communication in the US air traffic control system since 1936.
-
Early radio communication was one-way, with controllers able to communicate with pilots but not vice versa, due to bulky and heavy radio equipment.
-
Ground-based navaids were modified to allow controllers to transmit instructions using the navigation aid frequencies, but this rendered the navaid useless while the controller was transmitting.
-
As aircraft operators added transmitting equipment to their planes, a separate transmitter and receiver markedly increased the weight of the aircraft and required additional expenditure.
-
An interim solution was to install receiving equipment in the control towers and transmitting equipment in the aircraft, using a two-frequency system known as duplex communications.
-
Duplex communications was used in the air traffic control system for many years but has disadvantages, including the need for pilots to switch frequencies to communicate with different controllers.
-
Simplex communications, which allows pilots to communicate with controllers using one discrete frequency, was eventually implemented and is now the primary means of communication in the US air traffic control system.
-
Various international agreements allocate radio frequency bands for aeronautical communications, with most US ATC facilities using VHF and UHF for routine air-to-ground communication.
-
The FCC assigns frequencies to ATC facilities, often assigning the same frequency to multiple facilities to simplify the task of assigning frequencies and minimize potential interference.
-
The FCC must carefully determine potential interference problems before assigning frequencies to high-altitude aircraft due to their transmissions traveling farther than those from low-flying aircraft.
-
Airways have route identification pronounced in group form, with "victor" for low-altitude airways and "jay" for jet routes.
-
Radials from a VOR are described using the VOR name, radial number (enunciated individually), and the suffix "radial."
-
Bearings from NDBs are expressed as magnetic bearings from the station with the station's identifying name and "radio beacon" or "outer compass locator" suffix.
-
Intersections along an airway are described using either the approved intersection name or the VOR radial and DME distance from the VOR.
-
Clearances are required for IFR or participating VFR aircraft in controlled airspace, authorizing pilots to proceed to a certain point or perform a specific maneuver.
-
Clearances include identifying the aircraft, ATC facility, and issuing the clearance or instruction.
-
Types of clearances include takeoff, instrument approach procedure, airport or navigational fix, touch and go, stop and go, low approach, option, and ILS approach.
-
IFR clearances must include aircraft identification, the word "cleared," clearance limit, departure instructions, route of flight, and altitude assignments, among other items.
-
Aircraft are identified using standard procedures for clarity and to avoid confusion and misdirected instructions.
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Description
Test your pronunciation skills by enunciating individual digits for thousands numbers and pronouncing numbers for flight levels accurately. Practice saying numbers like '3,900' as 'three thousand niner hundred' and '180' as 'flight level one eight zero'.
