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Questions and Answers

Which biochemical change is most indicative of increased frailty in an individual?

Increased growth hormone levels
Increased estrogen levels
Increased vitamin D levels
Increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels (correct)

A patient experiencing hallucinations and mania is prescribed a first-generation antipsychotic. Which catecholamine receptor is the drug primarily designed to block?

Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Dopamine (correct)

Which description is most characteristic of pain resulting from nerve fiber damage?

An increase in stimulation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors results in a decreased perception of pain
Intermittent electric shock-like jolts (correct)
Pain from visceral regions interpreted as somatic pain
A stimulus that would normally be only slightly painful is perceived as extremely painful

What is the most likely clinical observation following a stroke affecting the motor cortex?

Weakness and lack of coordination of the contralateral hand (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of the cerebellum in motor control?

The cerebellum monitors movements in progress and modifies motor signals, as needed, to ensure movements are smooth and precise (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do first-generation antipsychotics alleviate symptoms such as hallucinations and mania?

By blocking dopamine D2 receptors, thereby reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission (D) Signup and view all the answers

A patient reports intense, burning pain along with intermittent electric shock sensations following a nerve injury. Which type of pain is the patient most likely experiencing?

Neuropathic pain due to nerve fiber or pathway damage (A) Signup and view all the answers

Following a stroke in the motor cortex, a patient exhibits difficulty performing skilled hand movements. What aspect of motor control is most likely impaired in this scenario?

The direct influence on voluntary movements, particularly of the contralateral hand (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why do hydrogen and potassium readily interact with other atoms?

They both have one electron in their outer shells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the role of bicarbonate in maintaining homeostasis?

Bicarbonate functions as a buffer to neutralize acids. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the bond between two oxygen atoms?

Two oxygen atoms share a double bond, enabling them both to fulfill the octet rule. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of familial forms of hypercholesterolemia?

Mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B-100). (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dictates the various properties of different chemical elements?

The number, type, and arrangement of their subatomic particles. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Consider a solution of $NaCl$ in water. Which of the following occurs when $NaCl$ dissolves?

Water molecules pull individual sodium and chloride ions away from the crystal lattice. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A biochemist is studying a new enzyme. They discover that the enzyme's activity is significantly reduced in the presence of a specific heavy metal ion. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this observation?

The heavy metal ion is causing a conformational change in the enzyme, disrupting its tertiary structure. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher observes that a certain protein folds incorrectly at temperatures above 40°C. Which type of interaction is most likely being disrupted by the increased temperature?

Hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar side chains. (B) Signup and view all the answers

When sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in water, what is the orientation of water molecules around the ions?

The oxygens of water molecules are oriented toward the sodium ion, and the hydrogens are oriented toward the chloride ion. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which biomolecule class is characterized by the highest degree of hydrophobicity?

Lipids (A) Signup and view all the answers

Among the following food products, which generally contains the lowest percentage of water?

Oil (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis?

Autoantibodies target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to degeneration of the neuromuscular junction. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which finding is most consistent with a lower motor neuron lesion?

Hypotonia (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular changes are most characteristic of apoptosis?

Cell shrinking and nuclear fragmentation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does apoptosis fundamentally differ from necrosis?

Apoptosis is a programmed process with specific steps, while necrosis is typically caused by injury or damage. (A) Signup and view all the answers

For optimal motor function, which neurotransmitter must maintain a balanced level with dopamine within the basal ganglia?

Acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Following a significant left middle cerebral artery stroke affecting the lateral motor cortex, which motor deficits are most likely to be observed?

Weakness and lack of movement in the right face and arm, with exaggerated muscle stretch reflexes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the behavior of sodium chloride in an aqueous solution, which statement accurately describes the interactions at the molecular level?

Sodium and chloride ions separate, the oxygen atoms in water molecules surround sodium ions, and the hydrogen atoms in water molecules surround chloride ions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If you are designing a drug that needs to cross the cell membrane easily, which characteristic would be most beneficial for the drug to possess?

High proportion of nonpolar groups. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A client with eyes closed reports feeling a dull sensation when touched with a cotton applicator on their right forearm. This finding suggests possible impairment of which sensory pathway?

Spinothalamic tract for pain, temperature and crude touch. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A patient exhibits slow, writhing movements of the hands and feet. Which basal ganglia structure is most likely involved in this patient's symptoms?

Striatum (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of tissue engineering, when creating a scaffold to support cell growth, why is it important to consider the rate of apoptosis?

A high rate of apoptosis suggests that the scaffold material might be incompatible or that cells aren't receiving necessary signals for survival. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A client with a spinal cord injury at the T12 level reports experiencing sudden, severe hypertension, headache, and sweating. Which condition is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

Autonomic dysreflexia (B) Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with impaired balance, coordination, and gait ataxia following a stroke. Which area of the brain is most likely affected?

Cerebellum (A) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hydration Shell

A layer of water molecules surrounding ions in solution.

Hydrophobicity

The property of a substance that repels water, often due to nonpolar structure.