Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
24 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?

  • Transferring energy between cells
  • Synthesizing proteins
  • Storing genetic information
  • Transforming energy for cellular processes (correct)

    • What is the primary difference between RNA and DNA?

  • The type of bases present
  • The function of storing genetic information
  • The number of strands
  • The type of sugar in the backbone (correct)

    • What level of protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids?

  • Secondary structure
  • Primary structure (correct)
  • Tertiary structure
  • Quaternary structure

    • What type of bonds hold together the quaternary structure of a protein?

    <p>Non-covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cyclic AMP in cellular signaling?

    <p>Transferring signals between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain?

    <p>A unique primary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sugar present in the backbone of RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structures are beta-sheets and alpha helices?

    <p>Secondary structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for peptide or protein hormones?

    <p>Binding to surface receptors and activating second messenger systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is derived from the amino acid tryptophan?

    <p>An amine hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hormone function at the target tissue?

    <p>Exerts its effect at very low concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why lipids are not very water soluble?

    <p>They are non-polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of peptide or protein hormones in the target tissue?

    <p>Activating gene expression and protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important and abundant form of lipids in the body?

    <p>Triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of steroid hormones in terms of their structure?

    <p>Derived from cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of proteins?

    <p>They can be synthesized through diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system?

    <p>Directing trophic hormone delivery from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which amino acids are linked together to form a protein?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of peptide or protein hormones in terms of their synthesis?

    <p>Synthesized as inactive preprohormones, processed into prohormones, and then activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a nucleotide?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oxytocin?

    <p>Milk release during breast-feeding, and facilitates bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which nucleotides are broken down to release energy?

    <p>Nucleotide metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a classification of amino acids?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein?

    <p>Primary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleotides are biomolecules that play an important role in energy and information transfer.
    • Single nucleotides include ATP, ADP, and cyclic AMP.
    • Nucleic acids, such as RNA and DNA, store and transmit genetic information.
    • The sugar of one nucleotide links to the phosphate of the next, creating a chain of alternating sugar-phosphate chains, or backbone, which is the same for every nucleic acid molecule.
    • Nucleotides chains form strands of DNA and RNA.

    Protein Structure

    • Amino acids can link together by peptide bonds to form oligopeptides, polypeptides, and proteins.
    • Primary structure: The sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain.
    • The 20 amino acids can create an almost infinite number of combinations.
    • Secondary structure: Created primarily by hydrogen bonds between adjacent chains or loops.
    • Tertiary structure: The three-dimensional shape of a protein.
    • Quaternary structure: Multiple subunits combine with non-covalent bonds.

    DNA, RNA, and Nucleotide Pairing

    • RNA: A single-strand nucleic acid with ribose as the sugar in the backbone, and four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

    Free Radicals

    • A molecule or ion with unpaired electrons that will try to "steal" an electron from another molecule.

    Chemical Bonds

    • Covalent bonds: Strong bonds formed when adjacent atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to form molecules.
    • Ionic bonds: Strong bonds between cations and anions (opposite charges attract).
    • Hydrogen bonds: An attractive force between a hydrogen atom and a nearby fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.
    • Van der Waals forces: Attraction between the nucleus of any atom and the electrons of nearby atoms.

    Biomolecules

    • Carbohydrates: Most abundant, simple sugars (monosaccharides/disaccharides), and complex polymers (polysaccharides).
    • Lipids: Made up of C and H, non-polar, and structurally diverse (triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids).
    • Proteins: Made up of amino acids, with a versatile structure and function.

    Hormones

    • Hormones are cell-to-cell communication molecules.
    • Made in glands or cells, secreted into the blood for transport, and exert their effect on distant target tissue receptors.
    • Activate physiological responses, controlling rates of enzymatic reactions, transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes, and gene expression and protein synthesis.
    • Classifications: Peptide or protein hormones, steroid hormones, and amine hormones.

    Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

    • Posterior pituitary releases vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin.
    • Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland are connected through the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system.
    • The hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system directs trophic hormone delivery from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary through blood vessels.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Midterm Study Guide Physio PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of nucleotides and nucleic acids, including their roles in energy and information transfer, and genetic information storage and transmission.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser