Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?
What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?
What is the primary difference between RNA and DNA?
What is the primary difference between RNA and DNA?
What level of protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids?
What level of protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids?
What type of bonds hold together the quaternary structure of a protein?
What type of bonds hold together the quaternary structure of a protein?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of cyclic AMP in cellular signaling?
What is the function of cyclic AMP in cellular signaling?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain?
What is the result of the sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the sugar present in the backbone of RNA?
What is the name of the sugar present in the backbone of RNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of structures are beta-sheets and alpha helices?
What type of structures are beta-sheets and alpha helices?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action for peptide or protein hormones?
What is the primary mechanism of action for peptide or protein hormones?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following hormones is derived from the amino acid tryptophan?
Which of the following hormones is derived from the amino acid tryptophan?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of hormone function at the target tissue?
What is the characteristic of hormone function at the target tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason why lipids are not very water soluble?
What is the primary reason why lipids are not very water soluble?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a function of peptide or protein hormones in the target tissue?
Which of the following is a function of peptide or protein hormones in the target tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most important and abundant form of lipids in the body?
What is the most important and abundant form of lipids in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of steroid hormones in terms of their structure?
What is the characteristic of steroid hormones in terms of their structure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system?
What is the function of the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the process by which amino acids are linked together to form a protein?
What is the term for the process by which amino acids are linked together to form a protein?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of peptide or protein hormones in terms of their synthesis?
What is the characteristic of peptide or protein hormones in terms of their synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a nucleotide?
Which of the following is an example of a nucleotide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of oxytocin?
What is the function of oxytocin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the process by which nucleotides are broken down to release energy?
What is the term for the process by which nucleotides are broken down to release energy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a classification of amino acids?
Which of the following is a classification of amino acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein?
What is the term for the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
- Nucleotides are biomolecules that play an important role in energy and information transfer.
- Single nucleotides include ATP, ADP, and cyclic AMP.
- Nucleic acids, such as RNA and DNA, store and transmit genetic information.
- The sugar of one nucleotide links to the phosphate of the next, creating a chain of alternating sugar-phosphate chains, or backbone, which is the same for every nucleic acid molecule.
- Nucleotides chains form strands of DNA and RNA.
Protein Structure
- Amino acids can link together by peptide bonds to form oligopeptides, polypeptides, and proteins.
- Primary structure: The sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain.
- The 20 amino acids can create an almost infinite number of combinations.
- Secondary structure: Created primarily by hydrogen bonds between adjacent chains or loops.
- Tertiary structure: The three-dimensional shape of a protein.
- Quaternary structure: Multiple subunits combine with non-covalent bonds.
DNA, RNA, and Nucleotide Pairing
- RNA: A single-strand nucleic acid with ribose as the sugar in the backbone, and four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
Free Radicals
- A molecule or ion with unpaired electrons that will try to "steal" an electron from another molecule.
Chemical Bonds
- Covalent bonds: Strong bonds formed when adjacent atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to form molecules.
- Ionic bonds: Strong bonds between cations and anions (opposite charges attract).
- Hydrogen bonds: An attractive force between a hydrogen atom and a nearby fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.
- Van der Waals forces: Attraction between the nucleus of any atom and the electrons of nearby atoms.
Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates: Most abundant, simple sugars (monosaccharides/disaccharides), and complex polymers (polysaccharides).
- Lipids: Made up of C and H, non-polar, and structurally diverse (triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids).
- Proteins: Made up of amino acids, with a versatile structure and function.
Hormones
- Hormones are cell-to-cell communication molecules.
- Made in glands or cells, secreted into the blood for transport, and exert their effect on distant target tissue receptors.
- Activate physiological responses, controlling rates of enzymatic reactions, transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes, and gene expression and protein synthesis.
- Classifications: Peptide or protein hormones, steroid hormones, and amine hormones.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Posterior pituitary releases vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin.
- Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland are connected through the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system.
- The hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system directs trophic hormone delivery from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary through blood vessels.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the basics of nucleotides and nucleic acids, including their roles in energy and information transfer, and genetic information storage and transmission.
