Nucleotide Structure and Nucleosides
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of determining enzyme activities in plasma?

  • To monitor the effectiveness of enzymotherapy
  • To identify the tissue of origin of an enzyme
  • To diagnose diseases of the heart and liver (correct)
  • To determine the physiological levels of enzymes

    • Which of the following enzymes is not an example of an intracellular enzyme?

  • Acid phosphatase (ACP)
  • ALT
  • Prothrombin (correct)
  • Glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase (gMDH)

    • What happens to enzyme levels in plasma when there is tissue damage?

  • Enzyme levels increase (correct)
  • Enzyme levels fluctuate randomly
  • Enzyme levels remain constant
  • Enzyme levels decrease

    • What is the term for the use of enzymes as therapeutic agents?

    <p>Enzymotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is specific to the pancreas?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible cause of increased plasma levels of ALT?

    <p>Hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the enzymes produced by tissues and acting in plasma?

    <p>Secretory enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is commonly assayed to diagnose prostatic cancer?

    <p>Acid phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cell necrosis on plasma enzyme levels?

    <p>Release of membrane-bound enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining reference values of enzyme activities?

    <p>To establish a baseline for healthy individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do healthy individuals have low levels of intracellular enzymes in plasma?

    <p>Because the rate of enzyme release from damaged cells is balanced by the rate of removal of enzyme from plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an isoenzyme of creatine kinase?

    <p>CK-MM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible cause of increased plasma levels of ALP?

    <p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of digestive enzymes?

    <p>Substitution of missing production of digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is commonly assayed to diagnose acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of disturbances of energy metabolism on enzyme plasma levels?

    <p>Release of cytosolic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ATP, ADP, and AMP in the cell?

    <p>Energy transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay?

    <p>ELISA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cAMP in the cell?

    <p>Intracellular mediator, second messenger of hormonal signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nitrogenous base in ATP?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NAD+, NADP+, and FAD?

    <p>Coenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sugar molecule in ATP?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of cAMP?

    <p>Allosteric effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nucleotides in DNA and RNA synthesis?

    <p>Precursors of DNA, RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of enzyme therapy in treating various diseases?

    <p>To treat skin defects and digestive disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is used to treat embolization in the lungs?

    <p>Streptokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mixture of pancreatic and plant proteolytic enzymes used to treat inflammatory diseases?

    <p>Wobenzym</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of enzymes in laboratory assays?

    <p>Treating skin defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of enzyme methods over chemical methods in laboratory assays?

    <p>They are more specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is used to determine the presence of urea in blood?

    <p>Urease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleotide Structure

    • A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups
    • Types of nitrogenous bases: purine (e.g., adenine) and pyrimidine (e.g., nicotinamide)
    • Types of pentose sugars: ribose and deoxyribose

    Nucleosides and Nucleotides

    • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide with adenine as the nitrogenous base, ribose as the pentose sugar, and a phosphate chain
    • ATP has three phosphate groups, which can be broken down to release energy
    • Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) are other nucleotides with one and two phosphate groups, respectively
    • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a nucleotide with a cyclical phosphate group, acting as an intracellular mediator and second messenger in hormonal signal transduction

    Nucleotide Functions

    • Precursors of DNA and RNA
    • Energy transport: ATP, ADP, and AMP
    • Allosteric effectors of enzymes: binding to the site of an allosteric enzyme, causing a change in configuration and affecting enzyme activity
    • Intracellular mediators (second messengers): cAMP and cGMP
    • Coenzymes: NAD+, NADP+, and FAD

    Enzymes in Medicine

    • Diagnostic indicators: measuring enzyme activities in plasma for diagnostic purposes in diseases of the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas, and other tissues
    • Therapeutic agents: using enzymes as drugs (enzymotherapy)
    • Diagnostic tools: using enzymes in clinical laboratory assays

    Enzymes in Clinical Diagnosis

    • Secretory enzymes: produced by tissues, acting in plasma (e.g., prothrombin, plasminogen, ceruloplasmin, choline esterase, and lipoprotein lipase)
    • Intracellular enzymes: have no physiological use in plasma, but can be used as diagnostic indicators (e.g., ALP, ALT, AST, and LD)
    • Tissue-specific enzymes: glucose-6-phosphatase in liver, amylase in pancreas, and LD1 in heart

    Alteration of Enzyme Plasma Levels

    • Elevated enzyme activity in plasma can indicate tissue damage or cell necrosis
    • Increased cell membrane permeability or induction of enzyme synthesis can also cause elevated enzyme levels
    • Decreased enzyme activity can be due to inhibition of enzyme synthesis or activity

    Enzymes in Therapy

    • Substitution of missing digestive enzymes: using pepsin, trypsin, and other enzymes to treat digestive disorders
    • Removal of dead tissue or fibrin: using proteinases, nucleases, and collagenase to treat skin defects and lung embolization
    • Acceleration of fibrinolysis: using streptokinase and urokinase to treat lung embolization

    Enzymotherapy

    • Orally administered enzymes: using mixtures of plant and/or animal origin enzymes to treat digestive, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic disorders
    • Examples of enzymotherapy: pancreatin (trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase) and Wobenzym (pancreatic and plant proteolytic enzymes)

    Enzymes in Laboratory Assays

    • Enzymes isolated from different sources are used for determination of various substances in blood, plasma/serum, and urine
    • Enzyme methods are more specific than chemical methods and are not affected by the presence of relative substances with similar chemical properties

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    Description

    This quiz covers the composition of nucleotides, types of nitrogenous bases, and pentose sugars. It also touches on ATP and its phosphate groups.

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