Lippincott's Biochemistry Chapter 22 - Nucleotide Metabolism

The creation of pyrimidine rings, which happen before attaching to ribose 5-phosphate.

Creation of purine rings on a pre-existing ribose 5-phosphate.

The regulated step in pyrimidine synthesis, making carbamoyl phosphate.

Enzyme that catalyzes carbamoyl phosphate synthesis in pyrimidine pathway.

Uridine triphosphate (UTP) inhibits CPS II, while PRPP activates it.

End product of pyrimidine synthesis, that inhibits CPS II.

The pyrimidine ring's atoms come from glutamine, carbon dioxide (CO2), and aspartate.

Provides ribose 5-phosphate for pyrimidine attachment.

A disorder characterized by high levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia), leading to recurring episodes of painful inflammation in joints due to crystal buildup.

High levels of uric acid in the blood.

A waste product produced during the breakdown of purines.

Medication (allopurinol) that inhibits uric acid production, leading to lower levels and less crystal formation.

Organic compounds involved in making DNA and RNA.

The accumulation of crystals, in this case, uric acid crystals, in tissues or organs.

A medication used to treat gout by inhibiting the production of uric acid.

Nucleotides are essential components for producing RNA, DNA, and synthesizing proteins. They also act as energy carriers, components of coenzymes, and messengers in signal transduction.

Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one to three phosphate groups.

A class of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, including adenine and guanine.

A class of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, including cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Nucleotides serve various functions including energy storage, signaling, enzyme component, and crucial roles in metabolic pathways.

These are nucleotides without the phosphate group, building blocks of RNA and DNA.

The process by which the kidneys absorb uric acid back into the bloodstream.

High levels of uric acid in the blood.

A cause of hyperuricemia where the body produces more uric acid than it can excrete.

Hyperuricemia with no known cause, usually idiopathic.

An enzyme that plays a role in purine production.

The maximum rate at which an enzyme can catalyze a reaction.

The substrate concentration at which an enzyme works at half its maximum rate.

Molecules that bind to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape and activity.

A rare genetic disorder where the immune system is severely compromised.

A type of SCID caused by a genetic defect in adenosine deaminase.

A rare, autosomal recessive immune deficiency affecting T-cell development.

A nucleotide is a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups. The sugar can be ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA).

The creation of purine rings on a pre-existing ribose-5-phosphate molecule.

Activated pentose that provides ribose-5-phosphate for purine/pyrimidine synthesis.

The step producing phosphoribosylamine from PRPP and glutamine.

The use of pre-formed purine bases to create nucleotides (e.g., adenine, guanine).

Inherited disorder caused by a near-total deficiency of HGPRT, leading to hyperuricemia and self-mutilation.

The process of converting ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides.

Enzyme that converts ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides.

UTP (an end product inhibits the enzyme) and PRPP (activates the enzyme) regulate this step.

Conversion of dUMP to dTMP, an important step in DNA synthesis.

Carbamoyl phosphate synthesis, which is catalyzed by CPS II.

A condition of high uric acid levels in the blood, which can lead to gout.

A painful condition caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues.

Essential molecule for all cells; building block of DNA and RNA, carriers of activated intermediates, structural components of certain coenzymes, and second messengers.

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including nucleotide synthesis, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein synthesis.

Nucleotide comprises a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one to three phosphate groups.

Types of nitrogenous bases forming part of nucleotide structure.

Nucleotides play various roles such as energy carriers, structural components of coenzymes, signaling molecules, and crucial components of metabolic pathways.

Nucleotides are vital for all cell processes including synthesizing proteins, producing RNA and DNA, and carrying activated intermediates in various metabolic pathways.

Nucleotides without phosphate groups, building blocks of RNA and DNA.

The process of creating purine nucleotides, important components of DNA and RNA.

The committed step in purine nucleotide biosynthesis, converting PRPP and glutamine into 5-phosphoribosylamine.

An enzyme that catalyzes the committed step in purine biosynthesis, producing 5-phosphoribosylamine.

A key intermediate in purine nucleotide synthesis, leading to the formation of AMP and GMP.

AMP and GMP, the end products of purine biosynthesis that inhibit the committed step.

A crucial molecule in nucleotide synthesis, used in the committed step of purine biosynthesis.

The process of creating purine rings on a pre-existing ribose-5-phosphate molecule.

Activated pentose sugar that provides ribose-5-phosphate for purine/pyrimidine synthesis.

The reaction producing phosphoribosylamine from PRPP and glutamine.

Drugs designed to block the growth of microorganisms or rapidly dividing cells, without affecting human cells.

A molecule that provides energy for cellular processes.

A molecule that acts as a one-carbon donor in certain metabolic pathways.

A sugar molecule crucial for creating nucleotides.

A phosphate ion that isn't part of an organic molecule; a common component of biochemical reactions.

Compounds like methotrexate that inhibit the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, a crucial step in folate metabolism.

A coenzyme crucial for various metabolic reactions, including purine and pyrimidine synthesis.

The enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate.

Drugs that inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis, but do not affect human synthesis.

The creation of purine rings on a pre-existing ribose 5-phosphate molecule.

Humans must obtain folate from external sources because they cannot synthesize it.

Substances that enhance the kidney's excretion of uric acid, used for patients who under-excrete uric acid.

A medicine that blocks uric acid production, used for patients who overproduce it.

A long-lasting uric acid production inhibitor, formed by metabolizing allopurinol.

A painful condition due to high uric acid, with crystal buildup in joints.

A condition where the body lacks an enzyme leading to adenosine buildup and immune deficiency.

A genetic disorder where the immune system is severely weakened.

A non-purine inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), an alternative gout treatment.

An enzyme crucial for uric acid production; it's inhibited by allopurinol and oxypurinol.

High levels of uric acid in the blood, a risk factor for gout.

Essential molecule for all cells. Building block of DNA and RNA, carriers of activated intermediates, structural components of certain coenzymes, and second messengers.

Nucleotides play various roles including energy carriers, structural components of coenzymes, signaling molecules, and components of metabolic pathways.

A nucleotide comprises a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one to three phosphate groups.

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including nucleotide, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein synthesis.

A class of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, including adenine and guanine.

A class of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, including cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Nucleotides without phosphate groups, building blocks of RNA and DNA.

A nucleoside with a phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of the pentose sugar.

A nucleoside with one phosphate group attached.

A nucleoside with two phosphate groups attached.

A nucleoside with three phosphate groups attached.

Bonds in NTPs with a large negative change in free energy during hydrolysis.

A nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups attached.

A nucleotide with a ribose sugar.

A nucleotide with a deoxyribose sugar.

A nucleoside monophosphate with the base adenine.

A nucleoside diphosphate with the base adenine.

A nucleoside triphosphate with the base adenine.