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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Which statement accurately describes the structure of transfer RNA (tRNA)?
Which statement accurately describes the structure of transfer RNA (tRNA)?
What role does ribosomal RNA (rRNA) play in protein synthesis?
What role does ribosomal RNA (rRNA) play in protein synthesis?
In the context of protein synthesis, what is the significance of the mRNA sequence?
In the context of protein synthesis, what is the significance of the mRNA sequence?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA mentioned in the content?
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What is the primary structure of DNA?
What is the primary structure of DNA?
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How are the two strands of DNA oriented in relation to each other?
How are the two strands of DNA oriented in relation to each other?
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What type of bond stabilizes the double helix structure of DNA?
What type of bond stabilizes the double helix structure of DNA?
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Which pair of nitrogenous bases is connected by three hydrogen bonds in DNA?
Which pair of nitrogenous bases is connected by three hydrogen bonds in DNA?
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What is the function of DNA in cells?
What is the function of DNA in cells?
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What defines the secondary structure of DNA?
What defines the secondary structure of DNA?
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How do nitrogenous bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
How do nitrogenous bases pair in double-stranded DNA?
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What is the pentose sugar found in DNA?
What is the pentose sugar found in DNA?
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What percentage of thymine is expected to be in a DNA sample containing 30% adenine?
What percentage of thymine is expected to be in a DNA sample containing 30% adenine?
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Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
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Which statement about the primary structure of RNA is true?
Which statement about the primary structure of RNA is true?
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What stabilizes the secondary structure of RNA?
What stabilizes the secondary structure of RNA?
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Which type of RNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome?
Which type of RNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome?
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If a single-stranded DNA sequence is 5'-A-A-T-G-C-A-G-C-T-3', what is the correct complementary sequence?
If a single-stranded DNA sequence is 5'-A-A-T-G-C-A-G-C-T-3', what is the correct complementary sequence?
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Which of the following properties differentiates RNA from DNA?
Which of the following properties differentiates RNA from DNA?
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What percentage of guanine is found in a DNA sample with 20% cytosine?
What percentage of guanine is found in a DNA sample with 20% cytosine?
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Study Notes
Nucleic Acid Structure & Function
- Nucleic acids are biomolecules responsible for transferring genetic information.
- They are polymers of nucleotides.
- Nucleic acids are involved in energy metabolism, such as ATP, UTP, and GTP.
Nucleotide Structure
- Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.
- They consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
- Pentose sugars include ribose (in RNA) and deoxyribose (in DNA).
- Nitrogenous bases are either purines (adenine, guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil).
Nitrogenous Bases
- There are two types of nitrogenous bases: purines and pyrimidines.
- Purines have two rings (adenine and guanine).
- Pyrimidines have one ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil).
- Uracil is found only in RNA.
- Thymine is found only in DNA.
Phosphate Groups
- Phosphate groups are derived from phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄).
- In cellular conditions, it exists as its ionic form, HPO₄²⁻.
- Phosphate groups link nucleotides via phosphodiester bonds.
Nucleic Acid Structure
- Nucleotides are linked via phosphodiester bonds between the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the 5' carbon of another.
- The 5' end has a free phosphate group.
- The 3' end has a free hydroxyl group.
- Nucleic acid chains are written from 5' to 3'.
DNA Structure
- DNA is a double helix.
- The two strands are antiparallel (one runs 5' to 3', the other 3' to 5').
- The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
- Adenine pairs with thymine (2 hydrogen bonds).
- Guanine pairs with cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds).
- DNA contains deoxyribose sugar.
- DNA bases are G, C, A, T.
Base Pairing
- Nucleotide bases in DNA always pair in a specific manner.
- The percentages of A and T, and G and C, are equal.
RNA Structure
- RNA is a single-stranded molecule.
- Has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose.
- RNA bases are G, C, A, U.
- RNA is typically single-stranded.
- Can fold into complex 3D shapes.
Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA): carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): is a component of ribosomes.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of nucleic acids and their components with this quiz. Delve into the structure and function of nucleic acids, their monomers called nucleotides, and the roles of nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups. Test your understanding of these essential biomolecules in genetic information transfer and energy metabolism.
