Nucleic Acids and Nucleotide Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of nucleotides in the context of DNA?

  • Storage of genetic information (correct)
  • Energy metabolism
  • Acting as a secondary messenger in signaling
  • Building blocks for protein synthesis

    • Which of the following roles do nucleotides NOT play in cellular functioning?

  • Serving as energy carriers like ATP
  • Building blocks of RNA
  • Directly catalyzing metabolic reactions (correct)
  • Structural components of ribosomes

    • How does the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology relate to nucleic acids?

  • It outlines the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. (correct)
  • It determines the size of nucleic acid polymers.
  • It explains how proteins are built from amino acids.
  • It describes the structure of nucleic acids.

    • Which statement about phosphates in nucleotides is accurate?

    <p>Phosphates play a role in energy metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cAMP in cellular signaling related to nucleotides?

    <p>It acts as a second messenger in signaling pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural difference between nucleotides and nucleosides?

    <p>Nucleotides have a phosphate group, while nucleosides do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is classified as a pyrimidine?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes purines from pyrimidines in terms of structure?

    <p>Purines have a larger ring structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many atoms are found in the ring structure of purines?

    <p>Nine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a part of a nucleotide?

    <p>Fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of pyrimidines according to their structure?

    <p>Pyrimidines have a ring with six atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA is a linear polymer of deoxyribonucleotides while RNA is a linear polymer of ribonucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the types of nucleotide variations?

    <p>Nucleotide variations can include different numbers of phosphates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components are present in all nucleotides?

    <p>Phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?

    <p>Adenine and Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the maximum number of phosphate groups in nucleotides?

    <p>A maximum of three.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous bases can be found in DNA?

    <p>Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is associated with deoxyribonucleotides?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different nitrogen-containing bases are identified in nucleotides?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pentose sugar contains an OH group at the #2 carbon?

    <p>Ribonucleic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct numbering for purines?

    <p>1 – 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the structure of nucleoside triphosphates, which carbon is the phosphate attached to?

    <p>5’ carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base connects to the 1' carbon of ribose sugar in pyrimidines?

    <p>Nitrogen 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes AMP from dAMP?

    <p>Presence of deoxyribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The N-glycosidic bond in purines connects which atoms?

    <p>C1’ – N9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of a nucleoside triphosphate structure?

    <p>Fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the OH group at the #2 carbon in ribose sugar?

    <p>Make it an RNA structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nucleotides lacks an OH group at the #2 carbon?

    <p>dATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is a building block of deoxyribonucleic acid?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleotide pair has the greatest number of hydrogen bonds?

    <p>Guanine and Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the sugar-phosphate backbone is true?

    <p>It is uniformly negatively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecular interaction holds the nitrogenous bases of DNA together?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the structure of DNA exhibit concerning the orientation of its strands?

    <p>Strands are antiparallel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of DNA provides the structural framework for its formation?

    <p>Sugar-phosphate backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might organisms living in high-temperature environments have a higher percentage of GC pairs in their DNA?

    <p>GC pairs have a higher melting point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an organism's genome is composed of 15% adenine, what percentage of guanine would you expect in the genome?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'complementary base pairing' refer to?

    <p>The pairing of purine with pyrimidine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of bases is incorrectly paired regarding their hydrogen bonds?

    <p>Cytosine - Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical distance between the two C1' carbons in a DNA base pair?

    <p>10.85 Å</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes denaturation in DNA?

    <p>It causes hydrogen bonds to break.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Watson-Crick base pairing in DNA?

    <p>To hold the two DNA strands together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The antiparallel nature of DNA strands means they are arranged in what manner?

    <p>One strand runs from 3' to 5' and the other from 5' to 3'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides
    • Nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
    • Two types of 5-carbon sugars: ribose or deoxyribose
    • Five types of nitrogen-containing bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) or uracil (U), cytosine (C)
    • Phosphate group can have a maximum of three phosphates
    • DNA is a linear polymer of deoxyribonucleotides
    • RNA is a linear polymer of ribonucleotides
    • DNA stores genetic information
    • RNA carries genetic information
    • RNA is a structural component of tRNA, ribosomes, spliceosomes

    Nucleotide Structure

    • Nucleotides can contain up to three phosphate groups
    • Nucleotides are called nucleosides when they lack a phosphate group
    • Five types of nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), uracil (U), cytosine (C)
    • Pyrimidines have a single ring and a smaller structure: thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U)
    • Purines have a double ring and a larger structure: adenine (A), guanine (G)
    • The sugar and base are connected by an N-glycosidic bond
    • Purines connect to sugar via N9
    • Pyrimidines connect to sugar via N1

    DNA

    • DNA is a polymer of nucleotides
    • DNA is usually double-stranded
    • Two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds, forming base pairs
    • Adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil) with two hydrogen bonds
    • Guanine pairs with cytosine with three hydrogen bonds
    • Purine always pairs with a pyrimidine
    • Double-stranded DNA is antiparallel
    • Sugar-phosphate backbone forms the outside of the DNA helix
    • Nitrogenous bases face inwards
    • Base pairing allows for a near-uniform negative charge per base in DNA
    • The GC content determines the stability of DNA, with a higher GC content requiring more energy to break apart
    • The GC content varies between organisms, with those in extremely high temperatures often having a higher GC content
    • %A = %T, and %G = %C

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    Lecture 3 Nucleic Acids and DNA PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of nucleic acids and nucleotide structures in this quiz. Understand the components of nucleotides, the differences between DNA and RNA, and their roles in genetic information storage and transfer. Test your knowledge on nitrogenous bases, sugar types, and the structure of nucleotides.

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