Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of nucleotides in the context of DNA?
What is the primary function of nucleotides in the context of DNA?
- Storage of genetic information (correct)
- Energy metabolism
- Acting as a secondary messenger in signaling
- Building blocks for protein synthesis
Which of the following roles do nucleotides NOT play in cellular functioning?
Which of the following roles do nucleotides NOT play in cellular functioning?
- Serving as energy carriers like ATP
- Building blocks of RNA
- Directly catalyzing metabolic reactions (correct)
- Structural components of ribosomes
How does the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology relate to nucleic acids?
How does the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology relate to nucleic acids?
- It outlines the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. (correct)
- It determines the size of nucleic acid polymers.
- It explains how proteins are built from amino acids.
- It describes the structure of nucleic acids.
Which statement about phosphates in nucleotides is accurate?
Which statement about phosphates in nucleotides is accurate?
What is the significance of cAMP in cellular signaling related to nucleotides?
What is the significance of cAMP in cellular signaling related to nucleotides?
What is the primary structural difference between nucleotides and nucleosides?
What is the primary structural difference between nucleotides and nucleosides?
Which nitrogenous base is classified as a pyrimidine?
Which nitrogenous base is classified as a pyrimidine?
What distinguishes purines from pyrimidines in terms of structure?
What distinguishes purines from pyrimidines in terms of structure?
How many atoms are found in the ring structure of purines?
How many atoms are found in the ring structure of purines?
Which component is NOT a part of a nucleotide?
Which component is NOT a part of a nucleotide?
What is a characteristic of pyrimidines according to their structure?
What is a characteristic of pyrimidines according to their structure?
What is the primary structural difference between DNA and RNA?
What is the primary structural difference between DNA and RNA?
Which of the following best describes the types of nucleotide variations?
Which of the following best describes the types of nucleotide variations?
Which of the following components are present in all nucleotides?
Which of the following components are present in all nucleotides?
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
Which sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?
Which sugar is found in RNA nucleotides?
Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA?
Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA?
What characterizes the maximum number of phosphate groups in nucleotides?
What characterizes the maximum number of phosphate groups in nucleotides?
Which nitrogenous bases can be found in DNA?
Which nitrogenous bases can be found in DNA?
What type of sugar is associated with deoxyribonucleotides?
What type of sugar is associated with deoxyribonucleotides?
How many different nitrogen-containing bases are identified in nucleotides?
How many different nitrogen-containing bases are identified in nucleotides?
Which pentose sugar contains an OH group at the #2 carbon?
Which pentose sugar contains an OH group at the #2 carbon?
What is the correct numbering for purines?
What is the correct numbering for purines?
In the structure of nucleoside triphosphates, which carbon is the phosphate attached to?
In the structure of nucleoside triphosphates, which carbon is the phosphate attached to?
Which nitrogenous base connects to the 1' carbon of ribose sugar in pyrimidines?
Which nitrogenous base connects to the 1' carbon of ribose sugar in pyrimidines?
What distinguishes AMP from dAMP?
What distinguishes AMP from dAMP?
The N-glycosidic bond in purines connects which atoms?
The N-glycosidic bond in purines connects which atoms?
Which component is NOT part of a nucleoside triphosphate structure?
Which component is NOT part of a nucleoside triphosphate structure?
What is the role of the OH group at the #2 carbon in ribose sugar?
What is the role of the OH group at the #2 carbon in ribose sugar?
Which of the following nucleotides lacks an OH group at the #2 carbon?
Which of the following nucleotides lacks an OH group at the #2 carbon?
Which sugar is a building block of deoxyribonucleic acid?
Which sugar is a building block of deoxyribonucleic acid?
Which nucleotide pair has the greatest number of hydrogen bonds?
Which nucleotide pair has the greatest number of hydrogen bonds?
Which of the following statements about the sugar-phosphate backbone is true?
Which of the following statements about the sugar-phosphate backbone is true?
What type of molecular interaction holds the nitrogenous bases of DNA together?
What type of molecular interaction holds the nitrogenous bases of DNA together?
What does the structure of DNA exhibit concerning the orientation of its strands?
What does the structure of DNA exhibit concerning the orientation of its strands?
Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Which component of DNA provides the structural framework for its formation?
Which component of DNA provides the structural framework for its formation?
Why might organisms living in high-temperature environments have a higher percentage of GC pairs in their DNA?
Why might organisms living in high-temperature environments have a higher percentage of GC pairs in their DNA?
If an organism's genome is composed of 15% adenine, what percentage of guanine would you expect in the genome?
If an organism's genome is composed of 15% adenine, what percentage of guanine would you expect in the genome?
What does the term 'complementary base pairing' refer to?
What does the term 'complementary base pairing' refer to?
Which of the following pairs of bases is incorrectly paired regarding their hydrogen bonds?
Which of the following pairs of bases is incorrectly paired regarding their hydrogen bonds?
What is the physical distance between the two C1' carbons in a DNA base pair?
What is the physical distance between the two C1' carbons in a DNA base pair?
Which statement accurately describes denaturation in DNA?
Which statement accurately describes denaturation in DNA?
What is the primary function of the Watson-Crick base pairing in DNA?
What is the primary function of the Watson-Crick base pairing in DNA?
The antiparallel nature of DNA strands means they are arranged in what manner?
The antiparallel nature of DNA strands means they are arranged in what manner?
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Study Notes
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides
- Nucleotides are composed of a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
- Two types of 5-carbon sugars: ribose or deoxyribose
- Five types of nitrogen-containing bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) or uracil (U), cytosine (C)
- Phosphate group can have a maximum of three phosphates
- DNA is a linear polymer of deoxyribonucleotides
- RNA is a linear polymer of ribonucleotides
- DNA stores genetic information
- RNA carries genetic information
- RNA is a structural component of tRNA, ribosomes, spliceosomes
Nucleotide Structure
- Nucleotides can contain up to three phosphate groups
- Nucleotides are called nucleosides when they lack a phosphate group
- Five types of nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), uracil (U), cytosine (C)
- Pyrimidines have a single ring and a smaller structure: thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U)
- Purines have a double ring and a larger structure: adenine (A), guanine (G)
- The sugar and base are connected by an N-glycosidic bond
- Purines connect to sugar via N9
- Pyrimidines connect to sugar via N1
DNA
- DNA is a polymer of nucleotides
- DNA is usually double-stranded
- Two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds, forming base pairs
- Adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil) with two hydrogen bonds
- Guanine pairs with cytosine with three hydrogen bonds
- Purine always pairs with a pyrimidine
- Double-stranded DNA is antiparallel
- Sugar-phosphate backbone forms the outside of the DNA helix
- Nitrogenous bases face inwards
- Base pairing allows for a near-uniform negative charge per base in DNA
- The GC content determines the stability of DNA, with a higher GC content requiring more energy to break apart
- The GC content varies between organisms, with those in extremely high temperatures often having a higher GC content
- %A = %T, and %G = %C
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