Nucleic Acid & Protein Synthesis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary phase during which DNA replication occurs?

  • G2 phase
  • M phase
  • S phase (correct)
  • G1 phase

    • DNA replication is a completely conservative process.

    False

    What enzyme is responsible for forming the sugar-phosphate backbone during transcription?

    RNA polymerase

    During protein synthesis, the first 3 exposed bases on mRNA are known as the _____ codon.

    <p>start</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their definitions:

    <p>Transcription = Synthesis of mRNA from DNA Translation = Synthesis of protein from mRNA Replication = Duplication of DNA Base pairing = Matching of nucleotides according to A=T, C≡G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding DNA during replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean that the genetic code is degenerate?

    <p>An amino acid can be coded by more than one codon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do tRNA molecules play in translation?

    <p>tRNA molecules bring specific amino acids to the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Golgi body modifies and processes the amino acid sequence into its final 3D shape.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A base substitution will always lead to a frame shift mutation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term 'allele'.

    <p>Different variant of a gene which originally arose by mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A change in the DNA base sequence that can lead to an altered polypeptide is called a __________.

    <p>mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Gene = Part of DNA molecule coding for one polypeptide Base Insertion = Type of mutation causing a frame shift Base Deletion = Another mutation causing a frame shift Base Substitution = Mutation that may result in a silent effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA can replicate itself just like DNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four nitrogen bases found in RNA?

    <p>Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA, thymine pairs with __________.

    <p>adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nitrogen bases to their classification:

    <p>Adenine = Purine Thymine = Pyrimidine Guanine = Purine Cytosine = Pyrimidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the DNA molecule?

    <p>They maintain the double helix structure of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semiconservative replication results in two new DNA molecules, each containing one parental and one newly synthesized strand.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA considered stable compared to RNA?

    <p>DNA is double-stranded and enclosed inside the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the change in the DNA sequence that leads to sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Base substitution of 'A' for 'T'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary structure of a protein does not change if sickle cell anemia occurs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>mRNA codes for the amino acid sequence and brings the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, tRNA carries specific _______ to the ribosome according to the codons on the mRNA.

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions in red blood cell development:

    <p>mRNA = Codes for amino acid sequence tRNA = Brings amino acids to the ribosome Golgi body = Modifies proteins Nucleus = Disappears as the cell matures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is found in red blood cells and is important for transporting carbon dioxide?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ribosome is where mRNA is transcribed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the polypeptide chain after its synthesis at the ribosome?

    <p>It enters the Golgi body for chemical modification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis

    • DNA and RNA Similarities: Both have four types of bases and pentose sugars in their structure. Both are long polymers made of nucleotides bonded by phosphodiester bonds.

    • DNA and RNA Differences: DNA has deoxyribose sugar (less oxygen), is double-stranded, can replicate, and is more stable. DNA bases are A, G, C, and T. RNA has ribose sugar (more oxygen), is single-stranded, cannot replicate, and is less stable. RNA bases are A, G, C, and U (uracil replaces thymine).

    Nitrogen Bases

    • Type 1: Purines (double rings) - Adenine and guanine.
    • Type 2: Pyrimidines (single ring) - Thymine, uracil, and cytosine.

    Hydrogen Bonds and Base Pairing

    • Importance: Maintain the 3D shape of DNA (double helix) and make it stable. Responsible for genetic stability and the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells. Base pairing allows DNA replication.

    DNA Stability

    • Double-stranded structure: DNA's double helix is stabilized by the base pairing rule (A-T, C-G)
    • Protection: DNA is protected and enclosed within the nucleus.

    DNA's Role in Genetic Information Storage

    • Stability enables replication: The stability of DNA allows it to replicate and produce proteins.

    Semiconservative Replication

    • Template strands: Each parental strand acts as a template for the formation of a new complementary DNA strand. Resulting in two identical copies of the original DNA.

    Protein Synthesis

    • Transcription: DNA is transcribed to produce mRNA (messenger RNA), which is a single-stranded nucleotide sequence containing the genetic code for making a protein. This occurs in the nucleus.
    • Translation: The mRNA, carrying the genetic code, moves to ribosomes to direct protein synthesis. Ribosomes assemble the amino acids specified by mRNA codons in the cytoplasm. This process is known as translation.

    DNA Replication

    • Semiconservative replication: DNA replication proceeds through a semiconservative process where an original double-stranded DNA molecule replicates into two new double-stranded DNA molecules with one parental DNA strand in each new DNA molecule.
    • Enzymes: Enzymes like DNA helicase and DNA polymerase are involved in unwinding and building the new complementary strands.

    Importance of Base Pairing Rule

    • Replication: Allows DNA to replicate and store genetic information.
    • Stability: Maintains the structure and stability of DNA.

    Why DNA Can Be Coded by More Than One Codon

    • Degenerate code: The genetic code is degenerate, meaning that more than one codon can code for the same amino acid.

    Properties of the Genetic Code

    • Universal: The same triplet genetic code is used in all living organisms.
    • Degenerate: Amino acids can be coded by more than one codon.

    Mutations and Gene Effects

    • Gene Mutation: Random and spontaneous changes in the nucleotide sequence. Mutations alter the resulting polypeptide sequence and can affect the protein's function.
    • Effects of gene mutations: Changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein can alter the protein's function and lead to disease (e.g., sickle cell anemia).
    • Frame-shift mutations: These mutations (insertions or deletions) alter the reading frame of mRNA resulting in a different protein and can have significant effects on the protein.

    Red Blood Cell Development

    • Hemoglobin synthesis: Genes code for protein synthesis like hemoglobin and other required molecules that allow red blood cells to develop in the bone marrow.
    • mRNA and tRNA: mRNA directs the translation of specific amino acids in the correct order using ribosomes. tRNAs bring the required amino acids to form the protein.

    Sickle Cell Anemia

    • Base substitution: A point mutation in the beta-globin gene causes a change in the DNA sequence that results in abnormal hemoglobin.
    • Protein structure: This abnormal hemoglobin affects the shape of red blood cells, making them sickle-shaped.

    mRNA Role

    • Coding: mRNA carries the genetic code for a specific protein from DNA to the ribosomes.

    tRNA Role

    • Amino acid transport: tRNA molecules transport the correct amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
    • Anticodon: tRNA has an anticodon that pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA.

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    Related Documents

    DNA and Protein Synthesis PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on nucleic acids, comparing DNA and RNA, and understanding the significance of nitrogen bases. Explore the concepts of hydrogen bonding, base pairing, and DNA stability. This quiz will reinforce your understanding of these fundamental biological processes.

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