Nuclear Medicine: Preparation of Radiopharmaceuticals

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What is the primary method of preparing radiopharmaceuticals?

Centrifuging the radionuclide and compound
Distilling the radionuclide and compound
Heating the radionuclide and compound at high temperatures
Simple mixing or shaking at room temperature (correct)

What type of equipment is used to transfer components between sterile vials?

Gloved hands
Automated synthesis devices
Unshielded syringes
Shielded syringes (correct)

What is the primary purpose of a laminar down-flow cabinet or glove box in radiopharmaceutical preparation?

To measure radioactivity
To store radionuclides
To automate synthesis
To provide a sterile environment (correct)

What is a characteristic of the surfaces in a radiopharmaceutical preparation workstation?

Impervious and floors are continuous (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why are automated synthesis devices commonly used in PET radiopharmaceutical preparation?

To shorten the preparation time (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an air lock and changing room in a radiopharmaceutical preparation workstation?

To allow entry and exit into the workstation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of control is used in automated synthesis devices for PET radiopharmaceutical preparation?

Microprocessor control (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a radionuclide in medical imaging?

To signal the location of the radiopharmaceutical by emitting gamma rays (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy of the gamma rays emitted by 99mTc?

141keV (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of doping NaI crystals with thallium atoms?

To improve the scintillator's response to gamma photons (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of photoelectric or Compton scattering interactions between incident photons and the scintillator's material?

An energetic electron is released and moves within the scintillator (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a multi-hole collimator in a gamma camera?

To delineate the image from the patient (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electrons that are in an excited state?

They return to their stable state through releasing energy in the form of optical photons (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a scintillation crystal in a gamma camera?

To convert gamma rays into optical light (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the device that detects gamma rays and produces an image?

Gamma camera (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor influencing the scintillation process?

The crystal design (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the photomultiplier tube array in a gamma camera?

To amplify the signal from the gamma rays (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using thick crystals?

They can absorb most incident gamma photons, resulting in high sensitivity levels (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of gamma camera that is described in the text?

Large field of view (LFOV) gamma camera (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of using thick crystals?

They lead to a reduction of spatial resolution (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the energetic electron on the scintillator's material?

It interacts with other atoms to produce more excitations and ionisations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range of thickness for parallel hole collimators manufactured for traditional gamma cameras?

25-80 mm (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of parallel hole collimators compared to pinhole collimators?

Increased sensitivity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why do parallel hole collimators impose limitations on the field of view (FOV) of gamma imaging systems?

They absorb most of the off-axis gamma photons (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor in determining the septal thickness of parallel hole collimators?

Energy of the gamma photons (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the structure of the parallel bore arrays?

Symmetrical (D) Signup and view all the answers

At what angle do incident gamma photons pass through the parallel hole collimator?

Perpendicular angle (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why does the spatial resolution of the gamma camera degrade with larger dimensions of the collimator's holes?

Because the holes allow a wider range of acceptance angles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pinhole diameter required for small animal gamma imaging systems?

1-2 mm (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration for selecting a collimator type for small animal gamma imaging systems?

Spatial resolution required (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a low-energy collimator?

Thin septa and low sensitivity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the trade-off for using a high-resolution collimator?

Lower sensitivity and higher resolution (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a general-purpose collimator?

20000 holes each 2.5 mm diameter (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a high-sensitivity collimator?

To increase sensitivity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of holes and the resolution of a collimator?

More holes result in higher resolution (C) Signup and view all the answers