MAA vs Colloid Particles in Nuclear Medicine

Difference between MAA and Colloid Particles

• MAA particles: 10-90 microns in size, made from Human Serum Albumin, used for lung perfusion, and have a pH level of 5
• Colloid particles: 0.1-1 micrometers in size, made from sulfur, antimony, or other elements, used for liver, spleen, and bone marrow imaging, and have a pH level of 6-7

MAA Particles in Lung Imaging

• 20 millicurie (740 MBq) 99mTc-MAA contains 2 million MAA particles
• If a patient is injected with 3-mCi (111 MBq) 99mTc-MAA, they will receive 300,000 particles

Phosphonate Compounds for Bone Imaging

• Useful phosphonate compounds: MDP, HDP
• Method of 99mTc-labeling: use a kit, reduce TC04 with stannous chloride, and combine with MDP or HDP

99mTc-Sulfur Colloid Preparation

• Basic principle: add acid to a mixture of Tc99mO4- and sodium thiosulfate, then heat at 95-100°C in a water bath for 5-10 minutes
• Additions: gelatin as a protective colloid, EDTA to remove aluminum ions present in the Tc-99m eluate

Radiopharmaceuticals for Hepatobiliary Function

• Preferred radiopharmaceuticals: TC-99m DISIDA, TC-99m Mebrofenin
• Labeling method: use a kit, add TCo4- to the kit, and mix well
• Labeling yield: >95% with a shelf life of 6 hours

Expiratory Periods for Radiolabeled Compounds

• 131I-labeled compounds: 8.1 days
• 99mTc-labeled compounds: 6 hours

Labeling RBCs with 99mTc and 51Cr

• Labeling RBCs with 99mTc:
  • In Vivo Method: inject stannous pyrophosphate, then inject 99mTc-pertechnetate, labeling efficiency: 80-90%
  • In Vitro Method: add stannous chloride to blood sample, reduce 99mTc-pertechnetate, labeling efficiency: 97%
  • Modified In Vivo Method: 95% labeling efficiency
  • Merits: short half-life, high gamma photon energy, rapid availability
  • Disadvantages: complexity, patient discomfort
• Labeling RBCs with 51Cr:
  • In Vitro Method: add Cr-51 sodium chromate to blood sample, incubate, labeling efficiency: 80-90%
  • Merits: longer half-life, stable labeling
  • Disadvantages: higher radiation dose, less ideal imaging

Storage Temperature for Radiopharmaceuticals

• 99mTc-sulfur colloid: room temperature, dispense within 6-12 hours
• 57Co-cyanocobalamin: 5°C

Labeling Platelets and Leukocytes with 111In

• Labeling platelets:
  • Incubate platelets with 111In-oxine
  • Mechanism: 111In-oxine complex crosses cell membrane, binds to intracellular components
• Labeling leukocytes:
  • Incubate leukocytes with 111In-oxine
  • Mechanism: similar to platelet labeling

99mTc-HMPAO Kit Stabilization

• Methods: reducing agent, lyophilization, pH adjustment, addition of stabilizers and chelating agents

Charge of 99mTc-Radiopharmaceuticals

• 99mTc-HMPAO: neutral
• 99mTc-MAG3: negative
• 99mTc-sestamibi: positive
• 99mTc-tetrofosmin: positive

Restrictions on 99mTcO4- Quality

• Must not be older than 2 hours after elution from the generator
• Must be eluted from a generator that has been eluted in the past 24 hours

Uses of 111In- and 90Y-Ibritumomab Tiuxetan

• 111In: imaging agent to predict distribution of Y90-ibritumomab
• 90Y: treatment of relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or CD20 transformed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Features of Fluorine Labeling

• Use of electrophilic and nucleophilic fluorinating agents
• High specific activity and radiochemical purity

Agents for Detection of Alzheimer's Disease

• F18-Florbetapir (Amyvid)
• F18-Flutemetamol (Vizamyl)
• F18-Florbetaben (Neuraceq)

Agents for Detection of Neuroendocrine Tumors

• 68Ga-DOTATATE (Netspot)

Agents for Pain Palliation

• Strontium-89 (Strontium Chloride-Metastron)
• Samarium-153 (Sm-153-EDTMP-Quadramet)

Production of Monoclonal Antibodies

• Method: mouse vaccination, spleen cell harvest, fusion with myeloma cells, selection, and cloning
• Labeling with 111In and 99mTc: use of chelating agents, bifunctional chelates, and radiolabeling

Difficulties in Making Human Monoclonal Antibodies

• Human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) response
• Lack of appropriate human myeloma fusion partners
• Difficulty obtaining sensitized B lymphocytes
• Limited success with heteromyelomas
• Impossibility of immunizing humans with specific antigens

Mechanism of 99mTc-Labeling of Antibodies by Direct Method

• Reduce TCO4- using a reducing agent
• Bind reduced technetium to the antibody
• Stabilize the technetium-antibody complex with additional agents
• Purify the radiolabeled antibody

MAA and Colloid Particles

• MAA (Macroaggregated Albumin) particles are larger, with a size range of 10-90 microns
• Colloid particles are smaller, with a size range of 0.1-1 micrometers
• MAA is composed of Human Serum Albumin, while colloid particles are typically made from sulfur, antimony, or other elements
• MAA is used for lung perfusion, while colloid particles are used for liver, spleen, and bone marrow imaging

Radiopharmaceuticals

• 20 millicurie (740 MBq) 99mTc-MAA contains approximately 2 million MAA particles
• If a patient is injected with 3-mCi (111 MBq) 99mTc-MAA, they will receive approximately 300,000 particles

Bone Imaging

• MDP (Methylene Diphosphonate) and HDP (Hydroxymethylene Diphosphonate) are phosphonate compounds used for bone imaging
• These compounds are labeled with 99mTc using a kit that includes a phosphonate ligand, reducing agent, and stabilizers
• Labeling is achieved by reducing TC04 with stannous chloride and combining it with MDP or HDP

Sulfur Colloid Preparations

• The basic principle of 99mTc-sulfur colloid preparation involves adding an acid to a mixture of Tc99mO4- and sodium thiosulfate, then heating at 95-100°C for 5-10 minutes
• Gelatin is added as a protective colloid, and EDTA is used to remove any aluminum ions present in the Tc-99m eluate

Hepatobiliary Function

• TC-99m DISIDA (Preferred) and TC-99m Mebrofenin (Preferred) are radiopharmaceuticals used for the study of hepatobiliary function
• These agents are prepared using a kit that includes the IDA derivative and stannous chloride or fluoride dihydrate as the reducing agent
• Labeling is accomplished by adding TCo4- to the kit and mixing well

Expiratory Periods

• The expiratory period for 131I-labeled compounds is 8.1 days
• The expiratory period for 99mTc-labeled compounds is 6 hours

Labeling RBCs

• 99mTc can be used to label RBCs (Red Blood Cells) using in vivo, in vitro, or modified in vivo methods
• The in vivo method involves injecting the patient with stannous pyrophosphate, followed by 99mTc-pertechnetate
• The in vitro method involves labeling RBCs with 99mTc-pertechnetate and stannous chloride, then washing and re-injecting the labeled cells
• The modified in vivo method involves using a butterfly infusion set and a mixture of pertechnetate and heparinized saline

Labeling RBCs with 51Cr

• 51Cr can be used to label RBCs using an in vitro method
• The method involves adding Cr-51 sodium chromate to a blood sample, incubating, and then washing and re-suspending the labeled cells
• The labeling yield is approximately 80-90%

Storage of Radiopharmaceuticals

• 99mTc-sulfur colloid should be stored at room temperature and used within 6-12 hours
• 57Co-cyanocobalamin should be stored at 5°C

Labeling Platelets and Leukocytes

• 111In can be used to label platelets and leukocytes
• The method involves labeling the cells with 111In-oxine, which is a lipophilic complex that crosses the cell membrane
• The labeling yield is approximately 80-90%

99mTc-HMPAO Kit

• The 99mTc-HMPAO kit is stabilized by including a reducing agent, lyophilizing the components, adjusting the pH, and adding stabilizers
• The kit is used to prepare 99mTc-HMPAO, a radiopharmaceutical used for cerebral perfusion imaging

Charge of 99mTc-Radiopharmaceuticals

• 99mTc-HMPAO has a neutral charge
• 99mTc-MAG3 has a negative charge
• 99mTc-sestamibi and 99mTc-tetrofosmin have a positive charge

Quality of 99mTcO-4

• The quality of 99mTcO-4 is restricted to elution from the generator within 2 hours and from a generator that has been eluted within the past 24 hours

111In- and 90Y-Ibritumomab Tiuxetan

• 111In-ibritumomab tiuxetan is used as an imaging agent to predict the distribution of the subsequent therapeutic dosage of 90Y-ibritumomab
• 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan is used for the treatment of relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or CD20 transformed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Fluorine Labeling

• Fluorine labeling involves the use of electrophilic and nucleophilic fluorinating agents
• The process yields high specific activity and radiochemical purity

Agents for Detection of Alzheimer's Disease

• F18-florbetapir (Amyvid) is used for the detection of Alzheimer's disease
• F18-flutemetamol (Vizamyl) is used for the detection of Alzheimer's disease
• F18-florbetaben (Neuraceq) is used for the detection of Alzheimer's disease

68Ga-DOTATATE (Netspot)

• 68Ga-DOTATATE (Netspot) is used for the detection of neuroendocrine tumors

90Y-TheraSpheres and 90Y-SIR-Spheres

• 90Y-TheraSpheres are used for the radiation treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
• 90Y-SIR-Spheres are used for the treatment of unresectable metastatic liver tumors from primary colorectal cancer

Agents for Palliation of Pain

• Strontium-89 (Strontium Chloride-Metastron) is used for pain relief
• Samarium-153 (Sm-153-EDTMP-Quadramet) is used for pain relief

Monoclonal Antibody Production

• Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing a mouse with an antigen, then fusing the spleen cells with myeloma cells
• The hybridoma cells are cultured, and the antibodies are harvested from the culture supernatant or ascitic fluid
• The antibodies are purified using techniques such as protein A/G affinity chromatography

Labeling Monoclonal Antibodies

• Monoclonal antibodies can be labeled with 111In or 99mTc
• The labeling process involves conjugating the antibody with a chelating agent, then radiolabeling with the desired isotope
• The radiolabeled antibody is then purified to remove any impurities

Difficulties in Making Human Monoclonal Antibodies

• Human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) response may occur when using murine Mabs
• Lack of appropriate human myeloma fusion partners
• Difficulty obtaining sensitized B lymphocytes
• Limited success with heteromyelomas
• Impossibility of immunizing humans with specific antigens to produce immune B lymphocytes

Mechanism of 99mTc-Labeling of Antibodies

• The direct method of 99mTc-labeling involves reducing TCO4- with a reducing agent, then binding the reduced technetium to the antibody
• The indirect method involves using a bifunctional chelating agent to link the antibody to the technetium

Record of Reconstituted 99mTc-Labeled Radiopharmaceutical

• The record should include: total activity, concentration, time of calibration, expiration, name, and nuclear pharmacy control number.

USP General Chapter for Compounding Radiopharmaceuticals

• The chapter provides a set of standards for Compounding Sterile Preparations (CSP).
• CSPs include anything that could potentially cause drugs to lose sterility and/or become pyrogenic.
• Compounding areas must be cleaned and disinfected on a regular basis.
• Compounded pharmaceuticals are assigned a Beyond Use Date, which is the date or time after compounding where the drug cannot be used and must be discarded.
• USP 823 provides standards for compounding PET radiopharmaceuticals.
• USP 825 provides new standards specifically for radiopharmaceuticals.
• International Organization Standardization (ISO) has different air quality standards assigned to different pharmaceuticals.

ISO Classification

• ISO classification determines the environments in which radiopharmaceuticals can be processed.
• Particle limits per cubic meter are:
  • ISO Class 3: 35.2
  • ISO Class 4: 352
  • ISO Class 5: 3520
  • ISO Class 6: 35200
  • ISO Class 7: 352000
  • ISO Class 8: 3520000
• Tech-based radiopharmaceuticals are compounded in ISO Class 5 inside a ISO Class 8 facility.
• RBCs are compounded in ISO Class 7.
• In-111 Labeled leukocytes are compounded in ISO Class 7.

USP Chapter 825

• This chapter emphasizes the importance of following good radiation safety practices while being attentive to the time element for the clinical use of radiopharmaceuticals.
• It balances radiation safety with aseptic handling practices.
• USP Chapter 825 addresses the failure of USP 823 to include radiation safety considerations.
• Specific guidelines include:
  • Placement of absorbent pads in hoods.
  • Handling of sharps during radiopharmaceutical compounding.
  • Positioning of radiation measuring instrumentation needed during compounding activities in hoods.

USP Chapter 823

• This chapter is about the Compounding of PET Radiopharmaceuticals.

Record of Reconstituted 99mTc-Labeled Radiopharmaceutical

• The record should include: total activity, concentration, time of calibration, expiration, name, and nuclear pharmacy control number.

USP General Chapter for Compounding Radiopharmaceuticals

• The chapter provides a set of standards for Compounding Sterile Preparations (CSP).
• CSPs include anything that could potentially cause drugs to lose sterility and/or become pyrogenic.
• Compounding areas must be cleaned and disinfected on a regular basis.
• Compounded pharmaceuticals are assigned a Beyond Use Date, which is the date or time after compounding where the drug cannot be used and must be discarded.
• USP 823 provides standards for compounding PET radiopharmaceuticals.
• USP 825 provides new standards specifically for radiopharmaceuticals.
• International Organization Standardization (ISO) has different air quality standards assigned to different pharmaceuticals.

ISO Classification

• ISO classification determines the environments in which radiopharmaceuticals can be processed.
• Particle limits per cubic meter are:
  • ISO Class 3: 35.2
  • ISO Class 4: 352
  • ISO Class 5: 3520
  • ISO Class 6: 35200
  • ISO Class 7: 352000
  • ISO Class 8: 3520000
• Tech-based radiopharmaceuticals are compounded in ISO Class 5 inside a ISO Class 8 facility.
• RBCs are compounded in ISO Class 7.
• In-111 Labeled leukocytes are compounded in ISO Class 7.

USP Chapter 825

• This chapter emphasizes the importance of following good radiation safety practices while being attentive to the time element for the clinical use of radiopharmaceuticals.
• It balances radiation safety with aseptic handling practices.
• USP Chapter 825 addresses the failure of USP 823 to include radiation safety considerations.
• Specific guidelines include:
  • Placement of absorbent pads in hoods.
  • Handling of sharps during radiopharmaceutical compounding.
  • Positioning of radiation measuring instrumentation needed during compounding activities in hoods.

USP Chapter 823

• This chapter is about the Compounding of PET Radiopharmaceuticals.

Record of Reconstituted 99mTc-Labeled Radiopharmaceutical

• The record of reconstituted 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceutical should include: + Total activity + Concentration + Time of calibration + Expiration + Name + Nuclear pharmacy control number

USP General Chapter for Compounding Radiopharmaceuticals

• USP Chapter 825 is a set of standards for compounding sterile preparations (CSP) • CSPs include anything that could potentially cause drugs to lose sterility and/or become pyrogenic • Compounding areas must be cleaned and disinfected regularly • Compounded pharmaceuticals are assigned a Beyond Use Date (BUD) which is the date or time after compounding where the drug cannot be used and must be discarded

ISO Classification

• ISO classification determines the environments in which radiopharmaceuticals can be processed • ISO Class 3: Particle limit of 35.2 per cubic meter • ISO Class 4: Particle limit of 352 per cubic meter • ISO Class 5: Particle limit of 3520 per cubic meter • ISO Class 6: Particle limit of 35200 per cubic meter • ISO Class 7: Particle limit of 352000 per cubic meter • ISO Class 8: Particle limit of 3520000 per cubic meter • Tech-based radiopharmaceuticals are done in Class 5 inside a Class 8 facility • RBCs are compounded in Class 7, and In-111 labeled leukocytes are compounded in Class 7

Radiopharmaceuticals

• MAA and colloid particles differ in: + Size: MAA (10-90 microns) vs. colloid (0.1-1 micrometers) + Composition: MAA (human serum albumin) vs. colloid (sulfur, antimony, or other elements) + Uses: MAA (lung perfusion) vs. colloid (liver and spleen, bone marrow, gastric emptying) + pH level: MAA (5) vs. colloid (6-7) • 20 millicurie (740 MBq) 99mTc-MAA contains 2 million MAA particles

Phosphonate Compounds

• Most useful phosphonate compounds for bone imaging: MDP and HDP • Method of 99mTc-labeling: Use a kit with pre-prepared phosphonate ligand, reducing agent, and stabilizers • Reduce TcO4- with stannous chloride and combine with MDP or HDP

Sulfur Colloid Preparation

• Basic principle: Add acid to a mixture of Tc99mO4- and sodium thiosulfate, and then heat at 95-100°C in a water bath for 5-10 minutes • Gelatin is added as a protective colloid and EDTA to remove any aluminum ion present in the Tc-99m eluate

Radiopharmaceuticals for Hepatobiliary Function

• Important radiopharmaceuticals: TC-99m DISIDA, TC-99m Mebrofenin, and TC-99m labeled IDAs • Method of preparation: Add TcO4- to the kit containing the IDA derivative and stannous chloride or fluoride dihydrate as the reducing agent

Expiratory Periods

• 131I-labeled compounds: 8.1 days • 99mTc-labeled compounds: 6 hours

Labeling RBCs and Leukocytes

• Methods of labeling RBCs with 99mTc: In Vivo, In Vitro, and Modified In Vivo/In Vitro • Method of labeling RBCs with 51Cr: In Vitro • Methods of labeling platelets and leukocytes with 111In • Merits and disadvantages of 99mTc and 51Cr labeling

Storage and Handling

• Recommended storage temperatures: + 99mTc-sulfur colloid: room temperature, dispensed within 6-12 hours + 57Co-cyanocobalamin: 5°C • Methods of labeling platelets and leukocytes with 111In

99mTc-HMPAO Kit

• Stabilized by: + Reducing agent (stannous chloride) to maintain the reduced state of technetium + Lyophilizing (freeze-drying) the components to prevent degradation + Adjusting the pH to a lower level using phosphate buffer + Adding stabilizers like gentisic acid to prevent oxidation

Charge of Radiopharmaceuticals

• 99mTc-HMPAO: Neutral (no charge) • 99mTc-MAG3: Negative (anion) • 99mTc-sestamibi: Positive (cation) • 99mTc-tetrofosmin: Positive (cation)

Quality of 99mTcO4-

• Restrictions on the quality of 99mTcO4- in the preparation of 99mTc-HMPAO: + Not older than 2 hours after elution from the generator + Must be eluted from a generator that has been eluted in the past 24 hours

Monoclonal Antibodies

• Methods of production: + Vaccination of a mouse with the antigen of interest + Fusion of spleen cells with myeloma cells + Hybridoma cells are cultured, and the antibodies are harvested + Purification of the antibodies • Labeling with 111In and 99mTc + Methods of labeling: Direct, indirect, and indirect using a bifunctional chelating agent + Chelating agents: DTPA, GYK-DTPA, SCN-Bz-DTPA, DOTA + Purification of the radiolabeled antibody

Difficulties in Making Human Monoclonal Antibodies

• Human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) response • Lack of appropriate human myeloma fusion partners • Difficulty obtaining sensitized B lymphocytes • Limited success with heteromyelomas • Impossibility of immunizing humans with specific antigens

Record of Reconstituted 99mTc-Labeled Radiopharmaceutical

• The record of reconstituted 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceutical should include: + Total activity + Concentration + Time of calibration + Expiration + Name + Nuclear pharmacy control number

USP General Chapter for Compounding Radiopharmaceuticals

• USP Chapter 825 is a set of standards for compounding sterile preparations (CSP) • CSPs include anything that could potentially cause drugs to lose sterility and/or become pyrogenic • Compounding areas must be cleaned and disinfected regularly • Compounded pharmaceuticals are assigned a Beyond Use Date (BUD) which is the date or time after compounding where the drug cannot be used and must be discarded

ISO Classification

• ISO classification determines the environments in which radiopharmaceuticals can be processed • ISO Class 3: Particle limit of 35.2 per cubic meter • ISO Class 4: Particle limit of 352 per cubic meter • ISO Class 5: Particle limit of 3520 per cubic meter • ISO Class 6: Particle limit of 35200 per cubic meter • ISO Class 7: Particle limit of 352000 per cubic meter • ISO Class 8: Particle limit of 3520000 per cubic meter • Tech-based radiopharmaceuticals are done in Class 5 inside a Class 8 facility • RBCs are compounded in Class 7, and In-111 labeled leukocytes are compounded in Class 7

Radiopharmaceuticals

• MAA and colloid particles differ in: + Size: MAA (10-90 microns) vs. colloid (0.1-1 micrometers) + Composition: MAA (human serum albumin) vs. colloid (sulfur, antimony, or other elements) + Uses: MAA (lung perfusion) vs. colloid (liver and spleen, bone marrow, gastric emptying) + pH level: MAA (5) vs. colloid (6-7) • 20 millicurie (740 MBq) 99mTc-MAA contains 2 million MAA particles

Phosphonate Compounds

• Most useful phosphonate compounds for bone imaging: MDP and HDP • Method of 99mTc-labeling: Use a kit with pre-prepared phosphonate ligand, reducing agent, and stabilizers • Reduce TcO4- with stannous chloride and combine with MDP or HDP

Sulfur Colloid Preparation

• Basic principle: Add acid to a mixture of Tc99mO4- and sodium thiosulfate, and then heat at 95-100°C in a water bath for 5-10 minutes • Gelatin is added as a protective colloid and EDTA to remove any aluminum ion present in the Tc-99m eluate

Radiopharmaceuticals for Hepatobiliary Function

• Important radiopharmaceuticals: TC-99m DISIDA, TC-99m Mebrofenin, and TC-99m labeled IDAs • Method of preparation: Add TcO4- to the kit containing the IDA derivative and stannous chloride or fluoride dihydrate as the reducing agent

Expiratory Periods

• 131I-labeled compounds: 8.1 days • 99mTc-labeled compounds: 6 hours

Labeling RBCs and Leukocytes

• Methods of labeling RBCs with 99mTc: In Vivo, In Vitro, and Modified In Vivo/In Vitro • Method of labeling RBCs with 51Cr: In Vitro • Methods of labeling platelets and leukocytes with 111In • Merits and disadvantages of 99mTc and 51Cr labeling

Storage and Handling

• Recommended storage temperatures: + 99mTc-sulfur colloid: room temperature, dispensed within 6-12 hours + 57Co-cyanocobalamin: 5°C • Methods of labeling platelets and leukocytes with 111In

99mTc-HMPAO Kit

• Stabilized by: + Reducing agent (stannous chloride) to maintain the reduced state of technetium + Lyophilizing (freeze-drying) the components to prevent degradation + Adjusting the pH to a lower level using phosphate buffer + Adding stabilizers like gentisic acid to prevent oxidation

Charge of Radiopharmaceuticals

• 99mTc-HMPAO: Neutral (no charge) • 99mTc-MAG3: Negative (anion) • 99mTc-sestamibi: Positive (cation) • 99mTc-tetrofosmin: Positive (cation)

Quality of 99mTcO4-

• Restrictions on the quality of 99mTcO4- in the preparation of 99mTc-HMPAO: + Not older than 2 hours after elution from the generator + Must be eluted from a generator that has been eluted in the past 24 hours

Monoclonal Antibodies

• Methods of production: + Vaccination of a mouse with the antigen of interest + Fusion of spleen cells with myeloma cells + Hybridoma cells are cultured, and the antibodies are harvested + Purification of the antibodies • Labeling with 111In and 99mTc + Methods of labeling: Direct, indirect, and indirect using a bifunctional chelating agent + Chelating agents: DTPA, GYK-DTPA, SCN-Bz-DTPA, DOTA + Purification of the radiolabeled antibody

Difficulties in Making Human Monoclonal Antibodies

• Human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) response • Lack of appropriate human myeloma fusion partners • Difficulty obtaining sensitized B lymphocytes • Limited success with heteromyelomas • Impossibility of immunizing humans with specific antigens

99mTc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals

• 99mTc-Macroaggregated Albumin (MAA)
  • Energies: 140 KeV
  • Half-life: 6 hours
  • Storage parameters: kits stored at 2-8°C before labeling with 99mTc, preparations good for 6-8 h at 2-8°C after formulation
  • Color: cloudy
  • Common uses: lung perfusion imaging, venography to detect deep vein thrombi in lower extremities
  • pH: 5
  • Needs to be heated: yes
• 99mTc-Phosphonate
  • Energies: 140 KeV
  • Half-life: 6 hours
  • Storage parameters: 15-30°C both before and after labeling (MDP: 6 hrs, HDP: 8 hrs)
  • Color: clear
  • Common uses: bone imaging (MDP and HDP)
  • pH: 7.5
  • Needs to be heated: no
• 99mTc-Pyrophosphate (PYP)
  • Energies: 140 KeV
  • Half-life: 6 hours
  • pH: 7.5
  • Common uses: myocardial infarct imaging, also used in red blood cell labeling for use in gated blood pool and gastrointestinal blood loss studies
  • Needs to be heated: no ...

Other Radiopharmaceuticals

• 111In-DTPA (Pentetate) Indium Disodium
  • Energies: 173 keV, 247 keV
  • Half-life: 2.8 days
  • Storage: Store vial in its lead shield at a temperature of 5-30°C. Do not freeze
  • Color: pure white
  • Common uses: cisternography
  • pH: 5
  • Needs to be heated: yes
• 133Xe Gas-Xenon 133
  • Energies: 81 keV
  • Half-life: 5.3 days
  • Storage: storage temperature for the gas is 15-30°C, and the shelf-life of 133Xe is 14 days after calibration
  • Color: purplish
  • Common uses: ventilation studies of the lungs and also for the assessment of cerebral blood flow
  • pH: N/A
  • Needs to be heated: no ...

Yttrium-90 and Strontium-89 Radiopharmaceuticals

• 90Y-Strontium Chloride (Metastron)
  • Energies: 1.46 Mev, 0.58 Mev, 901 keV
  • Half-life: 50.6 days
  • Storage: stored at 15-25°C and should be used within 28 days after calibration
  • Color: red
  • Common uses: relief of pain in patients with skeletal metastases
  • pH: 4 to 7.5
  • Needs to be heated: no ...

Gallium-68 and Lutetium-177 Radiopharmaceuticals

• Ga-68- and Lu-177-Labeled DOTATOC and DOTATATE
  • Energies: 0.511MeV (annihilation)
  • Half-life: 68Ga: 68 min, 177Lu: 6.65 d
  • pH: 4-5
  • Common uses: treatment of NETs ...

Other Radiopharmaceuticals

• 18F - FDG
  • Energies: 511 KeV
  • Half-life: 110 min
  • Storage: room temperature
  • Color: clear
  • pH: 7
  • Common uses: metabolism studies in the brain and heart, early detection of epilepsy and various tumors
  • Needs to be heated: yes ...

Note: All radiopharmaceuticals have been categorized based on their properties and common uses.

Compare and contrast MAA and colloid particles in terms of their size, composition, uses, and pH level in nuclear medicine applications.