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Questions and Answers
What does preload refer to?
The degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole.
Which of the following conditions can increase preload? (Select all that apply)
Increased afterload results in decreased cardiac workload.
False
What factor does afterload refer to?
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Cardiac Output = _____ + _____
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What does CVP stand for?
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What does SV stand for?
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What is the primary purpose of a stress test?
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What is the normal heart rate range controlled by the SA node?
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What does the P wave indicate in an ECG?
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What is considered a normal sinus rhythm?
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Sinus tachycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than 100 bpm.
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What might be indicated if a person's heart rate is less than 60 bpm?
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What is a sign that a patient might need urgent intervention with sinus bradycardia?
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What is needed for the management of symptomatic sinus bradycardia? (Select all that apply)
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What is a PVC in the context of heart conduction?
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Study Notes
Preload, Afterload, Cardiac Output, CVP, SV
- Preload indicates the ventricular cardiac muscle fiber stretch at the end of diastole, influenced by blood volume in the ventricles.
- Conditions causing increased preload include hypervolemia, heart failure, and regurgitation of cardiac valves.
- Afterload refers to the resistance against which the left ventricle must eject blood, impacting stroke volume.
- Increased afterload results from hypertension and vasoconstriction, leading to higher cardiac workload.
- Cardiac Output (CO) is the total volume of blood ejected by one ventricle per minute, calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.
- Central Venous Pressure (CVP) reflects blood pressure in the vena cava near the right atrium, indicating blood return to the heart and heart's pumping capability.
- Stroke Volume (SV) measures the amount of blood ejected from one ventricle with each heartbeat.
Stress Test
- Stress tests evaluate cardiac conditions by inducing stress on the heart, helping to diagnose shortness of breath, chest pain, and other symptoms.
- Important assessment steps include ensuring patient stability, monitoring vital signs, and observing ECG changes during the test.
Heart Conduction Pathway
- The normal conduction pathway includes the SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, left/right bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, maintaining a heart rate of 60-100 bpm.
- The SA Node is identified as the primary pacemaker of the heart.
EKG Interpretation
- ECG strips analyze cardiac rate and rhythm, with a 1-minute strip containing 300 large boxes or 1500 small boxes.
- Count large boxes between QRS complexes, dividing by 300 to determine beats per minute; for example, 2 large boxes equal 150 bpm.
- P wave represents atrial depolarization, while the QRS complex indicates ventricular depolarization/repolarization.
Normal Sinus Rhythm
- Features a heart rate of 60-100 bpm, regular rhythm, and consistent P wave with PR interval (0.12-0.20 seconds).
- A 1:1 P to QRS ratio signifies good cardiovascular health, though a rise of 10 bpm or more increases risks for serious conditions like atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
Sinus Bradycardia
- Defined as a heart rate below 60 bpm with a normal P wave present before QRS.
- Management is symptom-dependent, possibly requiring atropine, transcutaneous pacing, or catecholamines.
- Nurse actions include patient assessment for fatigue or light-headedness and monitoring ECG and vital signs in asymptomatic cases.
Sinus Tachycardia
- Characterized by a heart rate over 100 bpm, with a regular rhythm and P wave, which may be hidden in the T wave.
- Management varies; symptomatic cases may need synchronized cardioversion or medications like adenosine.
- Assess for underlying causes such as fever, pain, or dehydration, and verify the accuracy of readings.
Ventricular Dysrhythmias and PVC
- Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC) arises from an impulse in the ventricle before the next normal sinus rhythm complex.
- The ventricular rate will depend on the underlying rhythm, causing an irregular pattern with QRS duration of 0.12 seconds or longer.
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Description
Prepare for Exam 3 in NSG 3313 with this study guide focused on Chapter 21. This chapter explores key concepts such as preload, afterload, cardiac output, CVP, and stroke volume, helping you understand their physiological implications in cardiovascular health. Review important definitions and related conditions to boost your knowledge and exam readiness.
