Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Output & Regulation of Cardiac Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle during a systolic contraction?

  • Stroke volume (SV) (correct)
  • Atrial contraction volume
  • End-systolic volume (ESV)
  • End-diastolic volume (EDV)

    • Which wave represents the atrial contraction in the cardiac cycle?

  • c wave
  • v wave
  • x wave
  • a wave (correct)

    • What is the formula to calculate stroke volume (SV)?

  • SV = EDV - ESV (correct)
  • SV = EDV + ESV
  • SV = ESV - EDV
  • SV = EDV / ESV

    • What is the term for the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole?

    <p>End-diastolic volume (EDV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the slow flow of blood into the atria in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>v wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of blood remaining in the ventricle at the end of systole?

    <p>End-systolic volume (ESV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cardiac output represent?

    <p>Total volume ejected by the ventricle per unit time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force of contraction correlated with stroke volume?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?

    <p>$Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume \times Heart Rate$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects heart rate?

    <p>Chronotropic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the beginning of ventricular contraction in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>c wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is normally approximately 70 ml/beat?

    <p>Stroke Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ejection fraction a measure of?

    <p>Ventricular efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily controls stroke volume?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood called?

    <p>Afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs during the A-B segment of the pressure-volume loop?

    <p>AV valve opens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on conduction velocity through the AV node?

    <p>Increase (positive dromotropic effect)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ACh receptors carry inhibitory M2 receptor types?

    <p>Muscarinic ACh receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does norepinephrine have on heart rate, conduction velocity, and contractile force?

    <p>Increase in all three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical is called an inotropic agent and affects contractility?

    <p>Acetylcholine (ACh)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the a wave represent in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Atrial contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical factor controlling stroke volume?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume?

    <p>Directly related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor represents the degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

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