NSAIDs in Ophthalmology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which steroids regulate inflammation?

  • By stimulating the production of immunomodulatory agents
  • By activating the immune system
  • By binding to specific receptors in cells (correct)
  • By inhibiting the production of prostaglandins

    • What is a contraindication for NSAID usage?

  • History of cardiovascular disease
  • History of gastrointestinal bleeding
  • History of hypersensitivity to NSAIDs
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is a common side effect of topical NSAID usage?

  • Gastrointestinal bleeding
  • Renal dysfunction
  • Cardiovascular events
  • Burning and irritation (correct)

    • What is a use of NSAIDs in ophthalmology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when prescribing NSAIDs to patients?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of NSAID used in ophthalmology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction with NSAIDs?

    <p>Anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a use of steroids in ophthalmology?

    <p>Treatment of Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of immunomodulatory agents?

    <p>They alter the activity of the immune system, either enhancing or suppressing it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of systemic steroids?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of steroids?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a use of steroids in ophthalmology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a local side effect of steroids?

    <p>Elevated intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an interaction to be aware of when using steroids?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a topical steroid used in ophthalmology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precaution for the use of steroids in ophthalmology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of corticosteroids in ophthalmology?

    <p>Increased intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunomodulatory agent targets specific molecules involved in the immune response?

    <p>Immunomodulatory biologics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precaution to consider when prescribing immunomodulatory agents to patients with a history of tuberculosis?

    <p>Screen for infections before treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a use of calcineurin inhibitors in ophthalmology?

    <p>Treating ocular surface diseases like dry eye syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for immunomodulatory agents in ophthalmology?

    <p>History of tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment indication for immunomodulatory agents in ophthalmology?

    <p>Uveitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction between immunomodulatory agents and other medications?

    <p>Increased risk of infection with diabetes medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of corticosteroids in ophthalmology?

    <p>Reducing inflammation in the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    COX-2 and NSAIDs

    • COX-2 is involved in producing prostaglandins that cause inflammation, pain, and fever
    • NSAIDs can be selective or non-selective, with non-selective NSAIDs inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2, and selective COX-2 inhibitors only inhibiting COX-2

    Types of NSAIDs

    • Topical NSAIDs are applied directly to the eye
    • Systemic NSAIDs are taken orally or by injection

    Uses of NSAIDs

    • Treatment of pain and inflammation
    • Prevention of cystoid macular edema (CME)
    • Treatment of dry eye syndrome
    • Intraoperative miosis

    Side Effects of NSAIDs

    • Ocular: tingling, burning, irritation, corneal toxicity, delayed corneal healing
    • Systemic: allergic reactions, gastrointestinal bleeding, renal dysfunction, bronchospasm, cardiovascular events

    Precautions and Contraindications of NSAIDs

    • Use with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding, renal dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease
    • Contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to NSAIDs, asthma, and ulcers

    Steroids

    Mechanism of Action of Steroids

    • Steroids bind to specific receptors in cells and regulate gene expression to control inflammation and immune function
    • Steroids inhibit the production of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators

    Types of Steroids

    • Topical steroids are applied directly to the eye
    • Systemic steroids are taken orally or by injection

    Clinical Uses of Steroids

    • Treatment of inflammation
    • Prevention of scarring
    • Treatment of macular edema

    Side Effects of Steroids

    • Local: elevated intraocular pressure, cataract formation, delayed wound healing
    • Systemic: osteoporosis, weight gain, immunosuppression

    Precautions and Contraindications of Steroids

    • Use with caution in patients with a history of glaucoma, cataracts, and corneal ulcers
    • Contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to steroids, active infections, and certain types of cancers

    Immunomodulatory Agents

    Mechanism of Action of Immunomodulatory Agents

    • Immunomodulatory agents work by altering the activity of the immune system
    • They can enhance or suppress the immune response, depending on the drug and indication

    Types of Immunomodulatory Agents

    • Corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone, dexamethasone): suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation
    • Calcineurin inhibitors (e.g. cyclosporine, tacrolimus): inhibit T-cell activation and cytokine production
    • Immunomodulatory biologics (e.g. adalimumab, infliximab): monoclonal antibodies that target specific molecules involved in the immune response

    Uses of Immunomodulatory Agents

    • Treatment of uveitis, scleritis, ocular surface diseases like dry eye syndrome and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and some types of ocular tumors

    Side Effects of Immunomodulatory Agents

    • Corticosteroids: increased intraocular pressure, cataracts, glaucoma
    • Calcineurin inhibitors: burning and stinging sensations in the eyes, increased risk of infection
    • Immunomodulatory biologics: increased risk of infection, allergic reactions, and infusion reactions

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    Description

    Learn about the different types of NSAIDs used in ophthalmology, including topical and systemic NSAIDs, and their effects on COX-1 and COX-2.

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