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Questions and Answers

Which of the following signs is indicative of respiratory distress?

  • Bradycardia
  • Hyperthermia
  • Hypertension
  • Cyanosis (correct)

    • What does the root 'tachy-' in medical terminology signify?

  • Irregular
  • Normal
  • Fast (correct)
  • Slow

    • Which device is commonly used to assist in securing a patient's airway during respiratory emergencies?

  • Nebulizer
  • Pulse oximeter
  • Oropharyngeal airway (correct)
  • Sphygmomanometer

    • In pharmacology, which of the following medications is classified as a diuretic?

    <p>Furosemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vital signs should be included in a primary assessment?

    <p>Respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the importance of simulation training in clinical skills?

    <p>It enhances hands-on proficiency through realistic patient management experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized as a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment?

    <p>Myocardial Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'brady-' refer to in medical terminology?

    <p>Slow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which airway adjunct is contraindicated in a patient with suspected skull fractures?

    <p>Nasopharyngeal airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of assessing the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in airway management?

    <p>To evaluate the likelihood of airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ventilation, what does positive pressure ventilation primarily do?

    <p>Inflates the lungs against atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common indicator of a pulmonary embolism during assessment?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While performing cardiac arrest management, what is the primary focus during the first few cycles of CPR?

    <p>Provide high-quality chest compressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the airway anatomy is primarily responsible for preventing aspiration during swallowing?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly observed sign indicates the involvement of accessory muscles in respiration?

    <p>Retractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of monitoring end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) during advanced airway placement?

    <p>To confirm endotracheal tube placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mechanical ventilation is typically used for patients experiencing respiratory failure and requires continuous pressure?

    <p>Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which trimester does fetal viability begin to increase significantly?

    <p>Second Trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the stages of labor?

    <p>Dilation, Delivery of the fetus, Delivery of the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vital sign measurement is particularly important in monitoring maternal health during pregnancy?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assessment is performed immediately post-delivery to evaluate a neonate's condition?

    <p>Neonatal Assessment (Apgar score)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary focus of the first stage of labor?

    <p>Cervical dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SAMPLE acronym stand for in patient history taking?

    <p>Symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past medical history, Last oral intake, Events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication to assess for during maternal assessment?

    <p>Gestational diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of EMS operations, what is critical for maintaining scene safety?

    <p>Ensuring personal and patient safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the focus of documentation standards in EMS?

    <p>Maintaining accurate and complete patient records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the core body systems studied in anatomy and physiology?

    <p>Telecommunication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the earliest signs on an EKG of an acute myocardial infarction as it progresses?

    <p>Hyperacute T waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not considered a STEMI imposter?

    <p>Acute pericarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevations in leads II, III, and AVF with reciprocal changes in leads I and AVL are commonly caused by which type of myocardial infarction?

    <p>Inferior MI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the presence of an inferior STEMI, which coronary artery is most likely to have an occlusion?

    <p>Right coronary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The septal wall is primarily fed by which coronary arteries?

    <p>LAD and RCA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coronary arteries supply the lateral wall of the left ventricle?

    <p>Circumflex and LAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brugada syndrome is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Is commonly misdiagnosed until a major cardiac event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On an EKG, electrical alternans appears as:

    <p>Alternating high and low amplitude of QRS complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is typically associated with an early repolarization pattern on an EKG?

    <p>Concave upward ST elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of STEMI types, which of the following best describes an inferior STEMI?

    <p>Often presents with ST elevations in leads II, III, and AVF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first item in the AHA chain of survival?

    <p>Activation of emergency response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does receiving bystander CPR prior to EMS arrival have on patient survivability?

    <p>Significantly improves survivability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what rate should chest compressions be performed on adult patients during CPR?

    <p>100 to 120 per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you instruct an EMT performing chest compressions who is compressing to approximately half the patient’s AP diameter?

    <p>Compress deeper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year were external chest compressions discovered by a group of physicians from Johns Hopkins University?

    <p>1933</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What recent changes have been recommended in assisted ventilation techniques during CPR?

    <p>Emphasis on minimizing interruptions for ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the history of resuscitation methods?

    <p>Modern techniques are based on historical experimental practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During CPR, what is the primary concern regarding perfusion during compressions?

    <p>Maintaining consistent depth and rate of compressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the perception of bystander CPR changed over time?

    <p>It is recognized as critical for improving outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the AHA recommendations for CPR techniques?

    <p>Principle of 'compressions first' without interruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is allowing full recoil between compressions during CPR important?

    <p>It ensures proper coronary perfusion occurs during diastole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if there is a sudden increase in ETCO2 during CPR?

    <p>Increase the respiratory rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended breath rate during CPR?

    <p>8-10 breaths per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding short interruptions in chest compressions?

    <p>They significantly disrupt perfusion until normal compressions resume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct technique for delivering breaths with a bag-valve-mask (BVM)?

    <p>Ventilate only until you see the patient’s chest rise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During CPR, why should a paramedic consider using an alternate airway device?

    <p>For ease of placement during chest compressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) goal during CPR?

    <p>35-45 mmHg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should a paramedic take when placing an airway during CPR?

    <p>Continue compressions and allow for several attempts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperventilating a patient during CPR?

    <p>It increases intrathoracic pressure significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should paramedics do during CPR to avoid causing a back injury?

    <p>Ensure proper body mechanics while compressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical adjustment to make for a pregnant patient during cardiac arrest management?

    <p>Displace the uterus to the left to improve venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is NOT an appropriate indicator for terminating resuscitation efforts in the field?

    <p>High-quality bystander CPR provided prior to EMS arrival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of post-resuscitation care, what vital sign indicates a need to reassess management?

    <p>Blood pressure of 91/62</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a paramedic do immediately after obtaining ROSC if the blood pressure remains low?

    <p>Prepare to initiate a vasopressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using capnography during CPR, a sudden drop in end-tidal CO2 may indicate what?

    <p>A potential loss of ventilation effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflects an appropriate oxygenation strategy for a patient with recent ROSC?

    <p>Aim for oxygen saturation levels above 90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding EKG interpretation post-ROSC?

    <p>It can be utilized to determine resuscitation success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the frequency of epinephrine administration during cardiac arrest in pregnancy?

    <p>It should remain the same as for non-pregnant patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended management for a patient with an end-tidal CO2 reading of 28 mmHg after ROSC?

    <p>Increase PEEP from 5 to 15 cm H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line pharmacologic agent used to treat anaphylaxis?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by a delayed second allergic response to the initial exposure?

    <p>Biphasic allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an allergic reaction, histamines primarily affect which part of the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Both vasculature and myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of allergic reactions?

    <p>Sight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes an allergic reaction that is limited to a small area of the body?

    <p>Local reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of leukotrienes during an allergic reaction?

    <p>They increase vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might elderly patients be affected during allergic reactions?

    <p>Are at increased chance of fatality from reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms could indicate airway involvement during anaphylaxis?

    <p>Bronchospasm or laryngeal edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description fits anaphylaxis best?

    <p>A severe, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do pruritis and urticaria have on the body’s systems during an allergic reaction?

    <p>They are predominantly integumentary symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which federal organization is primarily responsible for collecting data on ambulance crashes?

    <p>NHTSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main purpose of collecting and analyzing data on ambulance crashes is to:

    <p>Develop future recommendations and policy changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about data collection on ambulance safety is not true?

    <p>Data is comprehensive and captures all crashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to injuries and fatalities in ambulance crashes?

    <p>Traffic conditions during response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for ensuring safety before an ambulance starts its shift?

    <p>Ambulance pre-shift check</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The NHTSA aims to develop future recommendations based on analysis of:

    <p>National data on ambulance crashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary safety tips discussed regarding ambulance operation?

    <p>Carefully manage response times and patient needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of analyzing national data on ambulance crashes?

    <p>To improve response protocols and reduce future incidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the NHTSA EMS mission statement?

    <p>To support and enhance the safety of emergency medical services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An important aspect of the data collection efforts on ambulance crashes includes:

    <p>Analyzing crash causes and contributing factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of on-the-job injuries for EMS personnel?

    <p>Ambulance crashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding supplies in the patient compartment is accurate?

    <p>All items should be secured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When checking an emergency vehicle or aircraft before putting it into service, which procedure is correct?

    <p>The paramedic should check both the medical equipment and the vehicle/aircraft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the primary focus be during pre-shift ambulance checks?

    <p>Verifying the on-board oxygen supply and flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend does literature demonstrate regarding the use of lights and sirens in ambulances?

    <p>There is a significant increase in crashes when using lights/sirens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for survival kits or equipment in emergency vehicles?

    <p>They should be on every emergency vehicle/aircraft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group experiences the majority of fatalities in ambulance crash incidents?

    <p>Occupants of other vehicles involved in the collision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of walkarounds performed on ambulances?

    <p>They should be done methodically at a consistent time each time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically considered the most critical item to check during pre-shift ambulance inspections?

    <p>The functional status of medical equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign that may indicate a person is experiencing domestic abuse?

    <p>Multiple red flags over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario presents a higher likelihood of indicating domestic violence?

    <p>A 36-year-old female who displays emotional distress after a fight with her husband</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is noted to have a decreased risk of exploitation?

    <p>Straight men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questions should paramedics ask when assessing a patient for signs of abuse?

    <p>Open-ended questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which choice describes a common injury seen in infants who are victims of abuse?

    <p>Burns due to microwaved formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skills are essential for EMS personnel to identify potential victims of domestic abuse?

    <p>Ability to remain unbiased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When documenting in the medical record, what type of data should always be included?

    <p>Always/objective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of human trafficking involves the exploitation of individuals for sex-related services?

    <p>Sex trafficking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indicator that may suggest abuse in a patient?

    <p>Scars and mutilations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might EMS personnel struggle to identify cases of domestic violence?

    <p>Limited time spent with patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge for EMS providers when identifying victims of human trafficking?

    <p>Fear of retribution from traffickers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be a potential red flag for abuse or exploitation?

    <p>An adult patient consistently deferring answers to another adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is considered at-risk due to unique medical and social challenges?

    <p>Geriatrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing a 76-year-old female who fell, what should the paramedic be alert to?

    <p>The potential of elder abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological issue observed in victims of domestic violence?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which initiative aims to enhance awareness of human trafficking within the U.S.?

    <p>The Blue Campaign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might indicate that a pediatric patient is a victim of trafficking?

    <p>Unexplained injuries and scars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Victims of domestic abuse may present with which of the following characteristics?

    <p>Multiple wounds in various stages of healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The estimation of global victims of human trafficking by the International Labor Organization highlights which key concern?

    <p>Estimates suggest millions are affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury pattern might be observed in victims of forced labor?

    <p>Chronic conditions due to neglect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT essential for appropriate oxygenation?

    <p>Serum calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of room air?

    <p>Mostly nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT associated with alveoli collapse?

    <p>Poor perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal hemoglobin range for male patients?

    <p>12 - 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve can be caused by which factor?

    <p>Decrease in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a type of hypoxia?

    <p>Altitude associated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One potential danger of hyperoxia is:

    <p>Free radical release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal hemoglobin range for female patients typically falls within which values?

    <p>12 - 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism causes a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Increased carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions does NOT lead to alveolar collapse?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between ventilation and oxygenation?

    <p>Ventilation involves the exchange of gases in the lungs, whereas oxygenation is about delivering oxygen to the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a sudden increase in end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) generally indicate?

    <p>Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes capnography?

    <p>It provides continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide levels as patients breathe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that affects oxygen transport in the body?

    <p>Cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to hypocarbia in a patient?

    <p>Excessive exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'shark fin' waveform in capnography typically indicate?

    <p>Airway obstruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ideal capnography reading during effective CPR should be approximately:

    <p>10-20 mmHg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the EtCO2 waveform is most closely associated with alveolar gas exchange?

    <p>Phase III - plateau phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which guideline from the American Heart Association focuses on oxygen therapy for post-cardiac arrest patients?

    <p>Supplemental oxygen is indicated only in hypoxic patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ejection of carbon dioxide from the body largely dependent on?

    <p>Lung ventilation capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the core benefits of Crew Resource Management (CRM) in emergency medical services?

    <p>Improving communication and reducing errors in patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of Crew Resource Management involves the continuous awareness of the environment and the team’s status?

    <p>Situational Awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective team members in a Crew Resource Management environment?

    <p>Ignoring input from teammates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception about the principles of Crew Resource Management?

    <p>They focus solely on communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of advocacy and inquiry communication, which step is crucial for effective team interaction?

    <p>Alerting all team members to a situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an incorrect statement regarding the human factors addressed by Crew Resource Management?

    <p>CRM states humans can always perform error-free.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key attribute of an effective team leader in a Crew Resource Management setting?

    <p>Exhibits clear communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Crew Resource Management is intended to enhance patient safety?

    <p>Increased communication and error identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to principles of CRM, which of the following is considered essential for effective teamwork?

    <p>Collective goal orientation and collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically included in the decision-making process of Crew Resource Management?

    <p>Relying solely on the team leader's judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key sign a paramedic should identify in a patient with a suspected epidural brain bleed?

    <p>Temporary lucid intervals followed by deterioration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In assessing a patient who fell from a height, which symptom would most likely suggest a severe concussion?

    <p>Sustained period of unconsciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During your assessment of a patient at risk for subdural hematoma, which finding is most concerning?

    <p>History of recent falls and extreme drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach when managing a patient showing symptoms consistent with a severe concussion?

    <p>Perform a neurologic assessment and transport urgently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of monitoring EtCO2 levels in patients with head injuries?

    <p>It indicates the effectiveness of ventilation strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best exemplifies selective spinal immobilization practices for patients with suspected spinal injuries?

    <p>Is based on a patient's mechanism of injury and clinical findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When transporting a patient with suspected TBI who shows signs of severe confusion, which strategy should be prioritized?

    <p>Minimize conversation during transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of a 'starfish sign' in head CT imaging commonly suggests what condition?

    <p>Subarachnoid hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral sign indicates a high-risk situation for a patient potentially suffering from a subdural hematoma?

    <p>Prolonged sleep or drowsiness after injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a revised trauma score of 11 indicate about a patient's injuries?

    <p>The patient has severe injuries that are likely unsurvivable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering mannitol or hypertonic saline in acute brain injuries?

    <p>To reduce ICP by osmotic reduction of cerebral edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of brain hemorrhage mentioned?

    <p>Cortical bleed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does slight hyperventilation have in the context of acute brain injury?

    <p>It reduces cerebral blood flow, thus reducing ICP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the revised trauma score's role?

    <p>It predicts the level of survivability in acute TBI patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering a traumatic intracranial pressure monitor in trauma care?

    <p>To assess the pressure within the cranial cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly the first indicator of serious brain injury in a trauma patient?

    <p>Altered level of consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of trauma assessment is used for determining the necessary resources in a trauma case?

    <p>Revised trauma score evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) in a brain-injured patient?

    <p>Reduction in consciousness levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of establishing a culture of safety within EMS organizations?

    <p>Prioritizing the safety of personnel and patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT considered part of EMS safety?

    <p>Training programs for effective communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a just culture emphasize in an EMS environment?

    <p>Identifying system-wide issues rather than individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the impact of working in EMS on workplace fatalities?

    <p>Work in EMS significantly increases chances of workplace death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of collecting data on EMS safety events?

    <p>Designing recommendations for improving safety protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which governmental organization is responsible for EMS safety research and data collection?

    <p>NHTSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should happen to reckless behavior in an EMS context according to just culture?

    <p>It should be addressed based on the context and intentions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a suggested area for coordinated support and resources in EMS?

    <p>Developing advanced technology for ambulances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices has improved EMS safety based on data collection?

    <p>Use of powered cots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding culture of safety in EMS?

    <p>It solely focuses on preventive measures without addressing errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conducting EMS research?

    <p>Develop policies that facilitate safer patient outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method used in the scientific research process?

    <p>Ignoring data limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is evidenced-based medicine focused on?

    <p>Clinical evidence to guide patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which entity does NOT participate in EMS research initiatives?

    <p>FDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the National EMS Information System (NEMSIS) used for?

    <p>Gathering information for research purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception regarding correlation in research?

    <p>Correlation can imply causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method focuses primarily on numerical data?

    <p>Quantitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the scientific method?

    <p>Gathering anecdotal evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key responsibility of practitioners concerning evidenced-based medicine?

    <p>Utilize current clinical evidence for decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of literature review is crucial for forming a hypothesis?

    <p>Identifying gaps in existing research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of applying evidence-based guidelines in EMS?

    <p>They ensure the best possible patient outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is primarily used to analyze the effectiveness of EMS policies and procedures?

    <p>Data analysis gathered from NEMSIS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of quantitative research in EMS?

    <p>Rates of peri-intubation hypoxia in prehospital intubations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'correlation' indicate in a research context?

    <p>It signifies two variables occurring simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have changes in EMS research affected community practices?

    <p>By promoting advanced techniques like ketamine administration for excited delirium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant drawback of requiring that all EMS recommendations must be adopted by each region?

    <p>It may be impractical due to different regional needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of community education initiatives like bystander CPR?

    <p>To improve immediate patient survival rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about drug trials and medical research in EMS is true?

    <p>They contribute to improving patient outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern when introducing changes based on research findings in EMS?

    <p>Resistance to change from staff.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines the role of the Surgeon General's preference in EMS policy changes?

    <p>It is a minor consideration compared to evidence-based guidelines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) from hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)?

    <p>Presence of urine ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing a patient with hyperglycemia, which lab value would be most relevant to identify severity?

    <p>Anion gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of continuous glucose monitors in diabetes management?

    <p>To provide real-time glucose level readings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with hypoglycemia?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of severe hyperglycemia, what is typically the first priority for treatment?

    <p>Start fluid resuscitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly prescribed for managing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common emergency treatment for Addisonian crisis?

    <p>Hydrocortisone injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an emergency, what should a paramedic prioritize for a patient in myxedema coma?

    <p>Warming the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is most often at risk for developing metabolic syndrome?

    <p>Middle-aged adults with obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor determines the appropriate administration of an insulin drip?

    <p>Blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first action to take when responding to a patient with an insulin pump?

    <p>Calibrate the insulin pump with the glucometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected ETCO2 level measured by nasal cannula in a patient with DKA and a bicarbonate level of 6?

    <p>49</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition does metabolic syndrome NOT increase the risk for?

    <p>Diabetes Insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Total lack of antidiuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment should NOT be expected in a patient with SIADH?

    <p>Exogenous antidiuretic hormone administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line treatment for an Addisonian crisis?

    <p>Administer corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cushing's disease typically presents with which of the following symptoms?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT expected in a patient experiencing a thyroid storm?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient who has taken levothyroxine, which medication would a paramedic likely prepare to administer?

    <p>Beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte disturbance would a paramedic expect following an ERCP if the patient presents with upper abdominal pain?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym SALT in triage stand for?

    <p>Sort, Assess, Lifesaving interventions, Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the assessment phase of the SALT triage, which intervention is recommended?

    <p>Bleeding control, ventilations, needle thoracostomy, and antidote administration should be performed if indicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of patients should be prioritized first during the treatment phase of triage?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method should be used to assess perfusion during MCI triage?

    <p>Capillary refill and presence of radial pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient is found apneic, what should be the next step according to the START triage algorithm?

    <p>The airway should be positioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key tip for successful MCI triage?

    <p>Create redundant systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach is used for needle thoracostomy in the SALT triage process?

    <p>Lateral approach: second intercostal space, anterior axillary line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is regarded as the single most important factor in successfully navigating a mass casualty incident?

    <p>Communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which categories are patients sorted into during the SALT triage process?

    <p>Black, Red, Yellow, Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does after-action debriefing play in MCI triage preparedness?

    <p>Helps to identify weaknesses and improve future response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of permissive hypotension in trauma management?

    <p>Achieve adequate perfusion without disrupting clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment is NOT typically used to evaluate organ perfusion?

    <p>Systolic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of normal saline solution?

    <p>6.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk is NOT associated with excessive crystalloid administration?

    <p>Increased blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula for calculating Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

    <p>[(2 x diastolic blood pressure) + systolic blood pressure]/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fluid administration, what is the perfusion goal in terms of MAP for trauma patients?

    <p>MAP of &gt;70 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mean arterial pressure is significant because it is a weighted average of blood pressure emphasizing which value more?

    <p>Diastolic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the most appropriate fluid to administer to a patient suffering from acute hemorrhagic shock?

    <p>Whole blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The practice of permitting specific patients to maintain some degree of hypotension during treatment to prevent clot disruption is known as?

    <p>Permissive hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line treatment for severe hemorrhage?

    <p>Tourniquet application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should tourniquets be placed in relation to the injury?

    <p>As proximal as the limb allows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for tourniquet use?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the blue stripe on hemostatic gauze indicate?

    <p>Visualization when saturated with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TXA must be administered within how many hours of injury to be effective?

    <p>Three hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes TXA's function?

    <p>Inhibits clot breakdown to support newly formed clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an emergent surgical intervention discussed as a temporizing measure for hemorrhage control?

    <p>REBOA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is characterized by what condition?

    <p>Simultaneous bleeding and consumption of clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemorrhage is NOT classified among the types mentioned?

    <p>Acidotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after applying hemostatic gauze for bleeding control?

    <p>Hold direct pressure for 3 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to the adaptation of microbes to resist medications?

    <p>High frequency of antibiotic use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected effectiveness rate of the influenza vaccine?

    <p>About 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best differentiates septic shock from sepsis?

    <p>Septic shock presents with persistent hypotension despite appropriate fluid resuscitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of personal protective equipment (PPE) is appropriate for managing contact precautions for C-diff?

    <p>Standard precautions, a gown, and gloves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstance might a disease re-emerge after being eradicated through vaccination?

    <p>When vaccination rates fall below sufficient levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of EMS operations, which strategy can reduce the likelihood of healthcare-associated infections?

    <p>Using appropriate skin cleansing preparation before venipuncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate action for an EMS provider when managing influenza patients?

    <p>Utilize droplet precautions and educate on vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended fluid bolus dose for a sepsis patient with a lactate level greater than 4 mmol/L?

    <p>30 mL/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of transmission relates specifically to influenza?

    <p>Droplet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is vigilance important in the role of EMS providers regarding infectious diseases?

    <p>Providers can influence patient health outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the comparison of absorption rates between intramuscular and subcutaneous medication administration?

    <p>Intramuscular administration is absorbed more quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication cannot be delivered via the intranasal route?

    <p>Fluid bolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options does NOT represent a 'right' of medication delivery?

    <p>Right of refusal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intranasal medication administration is favored for what key reason?

    <p>Increased bioavailability compared to IV or IM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a patient shows signs of an allergic reaction, what is the priority intervention?

    <p>To stop the medication delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is most affected by the difficulty of administration for medications?

    <p>Patient comfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk when administering look-alike medications?

    <p>Higher likelihood of adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with altered mental status?

    <p>Poor perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a definitive treatment for altered mental status?

    <p>Identification and treatment of underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of seizure?

    <p>Peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is not typically associated with seizures?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between oxygen reserves and brain perfusion?

    <p>Limited/intermittent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended sequence of interventions for seizure treatment?

    <p>Stabilization, benzodiazepine administration, antiepileptic administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a known cause of seizures?

    <p>Chronic fatigue syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should agitation be managed in a patient?

    <p>Treat it as a symptom of hypoxia until proven otherwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is most likely to occur if seizures are poorly managed?

    <p>Hypoxic brain injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could lead to status epilepticus?

    <p>Medication non-compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common fetal presentation during delivery?

    <p>Vertex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate action to take when a prolapsed cord is observed during delivery?

    <p>Insert a sterile gloved hand and hold the presenting part up off the cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a delivery where the fetus is in a breech position, what should be done if the feet present first?

    <p>Support the feet and allow the patient to deliver the remainder of the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Typically, what is the time delay between the delivery of twins?

    <p>3 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When dealing with a prolapsed cord, which action is NOT indicated?

    <p>Pull the cord out as much slack will allow to assist delivery of fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sign might be observed during a case of shoulder dystocia?

    <p>Turtle sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maneuver is used to help deliver the fetus in cases of shoulder dystocia?

    <p>McRobert’s maneuver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is neonatal resuscitation necessary during delivery?

    <p>If there is an abnormal fetal heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common management principle for neonatal resuscitation?

    <p>Immediate thermal stabilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct approach for delivering O2 to a mother in distress during delivery?

    <p>Place the mother in trendelenburg position and deliver O2 via 15L NRB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes the typical routine care for a newborn who does not require resuscitation?

    <p>Monitoring and maintaining warmth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a paramedic do if a mother feels her pelvis is full after delivering a neonate?

    <p>Assess for postpartum hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does HELLP stand for in the context of pregnancy complications?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of deliveries that typically require resuscitation?

    <p>5-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication of nuchal cord around the fetus's neck?

    <p>Common and should be treated by correcting its position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'postpartum hemorrhage' refer to?

    <p>Blood loss exceeding 500mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should delayed cord clamping ideally be performed?

    <p>30 seconds after delivery of the neonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After delivery, where should the baby remain until the cord has been clamped?

    <p>Below the level of the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key differentiator between preeclampsia and eclampsia?

    <p>Seizure activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological intervention for managing postpartum hemorrhage?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pain is characterized by pain resulting from damage to the nervous system?

    <p>Neuropathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically an indicator of pain?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the OPQRST pain assessment, what does the 'R' stand for?

    <p>Region or radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is described as an exaggerated response to a mildly painful stimulus?

    <p>Hyperalgesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the phenomenon where repeated stimulation of a localized area leads to increased sensitivity in neurons?

    <p>Wind-up phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which is NOT considered a pharmacological option for pain management?

    <p>Physical therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should pain levels be documented before and after an intervention?

    <p>Pre-and post-intervention levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of pain management emphasizes the involvement of medical directors and quality assurance?

    <p>QA/QI value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pain assessment scale is most appropriate when working with pediatric patients?

    <p>FACES pain scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which non-pharmacological intervention may help manage pain in acute situations?

    <p>Cold or heat application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT included in the pediatric assessment triangle?

    <p>Vaccination status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate IV/IO epinephrine dose for a pediatric patient weighing 18 kg in cardiac arrest?

    <p>0.18mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using a bag-valve-mask (BVM) on a pediatric patient, which statement is true?

    <p>Use the most appropriately sized mask for the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pediatric resuscitation resources involves a bag system?

    <p>Handtevy app/bag system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis?

    <p>IM epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common offender in pediatric airway obstruction?

    <p>Tums tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RSV outbreaks typically occur during which time of year?

    <p>In late fall through winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When ventilating a patient with an acute asthma exacerbation, the paramedic should primarily focus on:

    <p>Extending the expiratory time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pertussis in infants has what hospitalization rate?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compression rate for infant resuscitation?

    <p>100-120 compressions per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly identifies a unique cause of pediatric cardiac arrest?

    <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In single rescuer pediatric CPR, what is the compression to breath ratio?

    <p>30:2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a two-month-old patient, how should compressions be performed?

    <p>Using two fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vital signs of a 14-year-old patient differ from those expected in an adult?

    <p>Higher pulse and lower blood pressure than an adult patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the components of the pediatric assessment triangle?

    <p>Neurological response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Braslow tape in pediatric care?

    <p>To determine correct medication dosages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a pediatric cardiac arrest, which element is crucial in the AHA Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Algorithm?

    <p>Airway management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is recommended for dual rescuer CPR on a child?

    <p>One rescuer performs compressions while the other manages ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique should be employed for administering blow-by oxygen to an infant?

    <p>Gentle flow near the infant’s mouth and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a paramedic recognize when assessing a 3-month-old patient with a pulse of 155?

    <p>The pulse is within normal limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should NOT be done when transporting pediatric patients in an ambulance?

    <p>Transport them in the lap of any adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the limitations of current recommendations for pediatric ambulance transport?

    <p>Lack of evidence from simulated ambulance crashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the LATCH system is correct?

    <p>It consists of anchors built into vehicles for car seat attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When transporting more than one pediatric patient, the best practice is to:

    <p>Use a different ambulance for each patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor for transport personnel when dealing with pediatric restraint systems?

    <p>They should be well trained in all restraint systems used by their agency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action when a well child needs to accompany a pediatric patient in transport?

    <p>Have them transported separately in another vehicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about neonatal restraint systems during transport?

    <p>Only designated neonatal transport ambulances must carry them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding pediatric restraints in EMS transport is accurate?

    <p>Child restraint laws do not apply due to the emergency status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization recommends evidence-based practices for the safe transport of pediatric patients for EMS providers?

    <p>National Association of State EMS Officials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common indicator that return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) has occurred?

    <p>Sudden increase in ETCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Post-ROSC oxygenation goals recommend maintaining levels between which percentages?

    <p>92 - 98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of targeted temperature management after cardiac arrest?

    <p>To minimize neurologic injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment tool is NOT used for neuroprognostication post-cardiac arrest?

    <p>Liver function tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target mean arterial pressure (MAP) post-ROSC for optimal hemodynamic management?

    <p>MAP &gt;60 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a patient reaches the target temperature for therapeutic hypothermia, how long should they remain cooled?

    <p>24 - 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of hemodynamic instability that needs to be actively managed post-ROSC?

    <p>Persistent hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering potential causes for a patient’s cardiac arrest, what is essential to guide clinical decision-making?

    <p>Evaluate the full clinical context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings might lead the paramedic to consider that a patient has a significant cardiac compromise?

    <p>PEA on the monitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the AHA algorithm for post-ROSC care, which management strategies are included in the initial stabilization phase?

    <p>Airway, respiratory, and hemodynamic management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not considered acceptable for hand washing?

    <p>Using gloves as a substitute for hand washing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum alcohol concentration required for effective use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding eye protection in healthcare settings is incorrect?

    <p>Eye protection is not needed for patients with no infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a CDC recommendation for hand washing?

    <p>Clean underneath fingernails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an unacceptable form of eye protection?

    <p>Contact lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine is not recommended for healthcare workers in the US?

    <p>Yellow fever vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it acceptable to use alcohol-based hand sanitizers?

    <p>When soap and water are unavailable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eye protection is specifically recommended in which circumstance?

    <p>When there is a risk for infectious disease transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a proper procedure for handwashing?

    <p>Turning off the faucet with bare hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action before eating in a healthcare setting?

    <p>Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason synthetic THC is considered more dangerous than natural THC?

    <p>Synthetic THC often contains unknown ingredients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the primary assessment of a patient with suspected alcohol toxicity, which assessment would be the most appropriate?

    <p>Measure bilateral blood pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing a patient exhibiting signs of excited delirium, what technique is most beneficial?

    <p>Establishing rapport with the patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a mental status examination?

    <p>Respiration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective de-escalation technique when dealing with a distressed patient?

    <p>Validate their concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential behavioral change associated with excited delirium?

    <p>Aggressive and hostile behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does opioid use typically influence a patient's mental state?

    <p>Causes potential drowsiness and confusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial consideration when applying physical restraints to a patient?

    <p>Continue assessment and monitoring during restraint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of effective patient restraint methods?

    <p>To ensure the patient is not a danger to themselves or others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important step when assessing a patient for suicide risk?

    <p>Identifying protective factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mnemonic is used for conducting a mental status exam?

    <p>COASTMAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient scenario is appropriate for the use of restraints?

    <p>A drunk patient who cannot follow commands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most accurate statement regarding instructing a patient to 'calm down'?

    <p>It works 0% of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with excited delirium?

    <p>Global weakness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the suicide rates among EMS providers compare to the general public?

    <p>Significantly higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for suicide?

    <p>Accepting a new job.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what is the lowest level of needs?

    <p>Physiologic needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is associated with a well-known theory of behavior that was discussed?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is NOT considered a non-pharmacologic de-escalation technique?

    <p>Placing the patient under arrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is treated by addressing a patient's acute pain?

    <p>A physiologic need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patients is not considered to have special needs?

    <p>Pediatric patient with fractured humerus from jumping from a swing set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When transporting a patient with special needs, which item is not important to bring?

    <p>The patient’s own shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best course of action regarding the caregiver of a special needs patient during transport?

    <p>Transport the caregiver if protocols allow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In caring for a patient with special needs, how should a paramedic approach learning about the patient’s condition?

    <p>Be open to learning from the patient’s caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the assessment of a special needs patient be adapted?

    <p>It should accommodate the patient’s individual circumstances and needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a paramedic do when caring for a patient with a tracheostomy?

    <p>Maintain a minimum of 2l/minute of supplementary oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of equipment commonly encountered in special needs patients?

    <p>Ventricular assist devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using a central venous catheter, what is a critical step for the paramedic?

    <p>Aspirate for blood return before infusing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when caring for patients with special needs?

    <p>Involving caregivers and familiar individuals in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the urine collection bag be managed during transport for a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter?

    <p>Ensure the bag remains below the bladder level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a special needs patient may need adjustment in clinical settings?

    <p>The amount of time spent with the patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An external ventricular drain monitoring intracranial pressure should be leveled to which anatomical landmark?

    <p>The tragus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about special needs patients is true?

    <p>Special needs patients can vary significantly in their requirements and conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the communication with special needs patients is correct?

    <p>It should be tailored to the individual's cognitive or emotional capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a common limitation in special needs patients?

    <p>Cognitive impairment affecting decision making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of caregivers for special needs patients in the context of EMS?

    <p>To provide critical information about the patient’s history and needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In general, what should EMS professionals consider when assessing a special needs patient?

    <p>Adjust techniques based on the patient’s individual needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of the general population has been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the physical limitations of patients with special needs?

    <p>It helps in providing appropriate accommodations for care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for brain ischemia caused by a thrombus or emboli that inhibits adequate perfusion to a portion of the brain?

    <p>Occlusive Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient population is at an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke?

    <p>Patients on anticoagulant therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An episode that includes deficits resolving in less than 24 hours is referred to as what?

    <p>Transient Ischemic Attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When encountering a patient with stroke-like symptoms, what is the first imperative action for a paramedic?

    <p>Check glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of a stroke?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it critical to establish the last known well time for a patient exhibiting stroke symptoms?

    <p>For potential TPA administration purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of performing the Cincinnati Stroke Scale in the prehospital setting?

    <p>Speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a patient has received TPA, what blood pressure level should be maintained?

    <blockquote> <p>185/110</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary concerns during the prehospital assessment of a patient suspected of having a stroke?

    <p>Timely transportation to a stroke center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment tool is commonly used to evaluate stroke symptoms in the prehospital environment?

    <p>Cincinnati Stroke Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do stimulants typically have on the body?

    <p>They cause tachycardia and hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the care of a patient with suspected synthetic overdose prioritize?

    <p>Symptom control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a case of THC ingestion, what is the understanding of a dose of 250mg THC?

    <p>It is too high and should be treated as an overdose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are THC electronic cigarettes particularly hazardous to users?

    <p>They can cause overdose in small volumes due to concentrated oils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is not classified as an opioid?

    <p>PCP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line treatment for suspected opioid overdose?

    <p>Narcan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for toddler overdoses?

    <p>Curiosity leading to ingesting visually appealing substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anticholinergic overdose typically presents with which of the following symptoms?

    <p>Red as a beet, dry as a bone, mad as a hatter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a pediatric overdose from a lawn chemical, what is the likely initial response?

    <p>Seek advanced medical care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with opioid overdose?

    <p>Increased heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trauma center designation is considered the highest level?

    <p>Level I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus during Step 1 of the trauma triage process?

    <p>Evaluating vital signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of factors is included in the Revised Trauma Score?

    <p>GCS, Systolic BP, and Respiratory Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Revised Trauma Score is best described as which of the following?

    <p>A continuum of likelihood of survivability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition does NOT require trauma services according to the guidelines?

    <p>Severe lacerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of injury in vehicle accidents indicates a need for trauma services?

    <blockquote> <p>18 inches of intrusion in the vehicle</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    Which circumstance is NOT considered special when evaluating the need for trauma services?

    <p>Trauma patient with mild head injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT form part of the trauma triad of death?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In actively bleeding trauma patients, which factor should be prioritized in treatment considerations?

    <p>Fluid resuscitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed to determine if a patient requires admission to a trauma center in Step 2?

    <p>The mechanism of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cardiac output represent in terms of heart function?

    <p>Heart rate x stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive pressure ventilation primarily impacts blood pressure by imposing on which part of the circulatory system?

    <p>Pulmonary vasculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is respiratory distress considered less severe than respiratory failure?

    <p>As compared to respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of respiratory distress?

    <p>Yawning or sighing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory failure in a patient will typically present with what kind of pH level?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which a patient's native respiratory effort provides ventilation?

    <p>Negative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does decreased afterload have in the context of pulmonary hypertension?

    <p>Improves cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of intrathoracic pressure, what does hypertension typically result in?

    <p>Decreased lung perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating minute ventilation?

    <p>Respiratory rate x tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can increased preload in pulmonary hypertension affect the respiratory system?

    <p>Worsens pulmonary vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does positive pressure ventilation affect venous return?

    <p>Decreases preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately defines alveolar ventilation?

    <p>Air entering the alveoli for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with delivering breaths using a bag-valve-mask (BVM)?

    <p>Exceeding the patient's lung capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what should a paramedic expect as a minute ventilation for a 5'5" female patient with normal pH?

    <p>5.7 liters per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects adequate ventilation?

    <p>Patient's age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding respiratory distress versus respiratory failure?

    <p>Respiratory failure always includes poor oxygenation and ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for adult cardiac output?

    <p>4-8 liters per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does minute ventilation NOT account for?

    <p>Oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP)?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate intervention for a patient experiencing acute COPD exacerbation with a GCS of 15 and SpO2 of 84%?

    <p>Bipap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern when utilizing an automated transport ventilator?

    <p>Barotrauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order to properly size a nasopharyngeal airway (NPA), which measurement should a paramedic take?

    <p>Nare to tragus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition contraindicates the use of an oropharyngeal airway (OPA)?

    <p>Alert patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the positioning guideline for a patient during intubation regarding the ear-to-sternal notch line?

    <p>At a slight incline, head elevated by 30 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of ramping a patient before intubation?

    <p>Improves visualization of vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of airways such as the King or iGel requires more extensive training compared to endotracheal intubation?

    <p>Requires more training than ETT insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of oxygen delivery is considered appropriate for passive or apneic peri-intubation?

    <p>EtCO2 nasal cannula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which age group do pediatric patients typically possess unique airway characteristics?

    <p>Anterior airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken regarding difficult airway indicators prior to intubation?

    <p>For education of the intubating paramedic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of automated transport ventilators in patient management?

    <p>To deliver controlled mechanical ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which airway adjunct is NOT typically indicated for neonates?

    <p>Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP)?

    <p>It requires intensive patient monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is essential for effective bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation?

    <p>Maintaining a proper mask seal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement concerning neonatal airway interventions is accurate?

    <p>Suctioning neonates should be performed carefully to avoid trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advanced airway adjunct is appropriate for a backup airway management?

    <p>Combitube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key step in mitigating the risks of difficult airways?

    <p>Assessing predictors of difficult intubation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is effective for improving airway control in patients?

    <p>Using the ramping position correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of utilizing backup airways such as King or i-gel?

    <p>To provide an easy-to-insert alternative for patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the critical steps in endotracheal intubation procedures?

    <p>Correct positioning of the patient’s head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does VAD stand for?

    <p>Ventricular assist device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the primary function of a VAD?

    <p>It augments the movement of blood from the ventricle to the artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an expected abnormality in a VAD patient?

    <p>Presence of AICD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should always be done with the batteries and accessories of VADs during patient transport?

    <p>They should always be transported with the patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indications for VAD placement mainly include:

    <p>Congestive heart failure refractory to medical therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the VAD controller's RPM setting?

    <p>It will not fluctuate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a common complication in VAD patients?

    <p>Cardiac arrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of patient care, which individuals are NOT considered experts on a patient's VAD?

    <p>The ED physician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chest compressions in a CAD patient are considered:

    <p>An absolute contraindication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of VADs was primarily for which purpose?

    <p>As a bridge to a heart transplant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the firing rate of Purkinje fibers when acting as a backup pacemaker?

    <p>20-40 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by ST-segment elevation greater than 1mm in two or more contiguous leads?

    <p>ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be prioritized when placing electrodes for a 12-lead EKG?

    <p>Ensure electrode placement is accurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would disrupt ion movement and potentially lead to arrhythmias?

    <p>Electrolyte imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are reciprocal changes in EKG interpretation?

    <p>Inversely related findings in opposite leads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is crucial for interpreting a 12-lead EKG accurately?

    <p>Focusing on each lead's morphology and patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor could lead to emergencies related to cardiac function?

    <p>Disruption in the conduction cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pacemaker of the heart responsible for initiating cardiac conduction?

    <p>Sinoatrial node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts as the backup pacemaker if the primary pacemaker fails?

    <p>Atrioventricular node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cardiac conduction system in the heart?

    <p>Generate electrical impulses to regulate heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is automaticity in cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>The ability to generate their own electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what part of the heart does the sinoatrial node reside?

    <p>Right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the path of conduction from the AV junction after failure of the SA node?

    <p>Through the bundle of His and into ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical firing rate of the sinoatrial node under normal conditions?

    <p>70-100 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cardiac conduction system splits into left and right bundle branches?

    <p>Bundle of His</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of early defibrillation in cases of shockable rhythms?

    <p>To restore effective circulation quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the importance of high-quality bystander CPR?

    <p>It provides a chance for ROSC before hospital arrival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metric is used to determine effective chest compression depth during CPR?

    <p>One-third of the chest's AP diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much does each minute without compressions affect survival chances?

    <p>Decreases survival by 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about chest compression rates is correct?

    <p>Compressions should be between 100-120 per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding interruptions during chest compressions?

    <p>Maintaining effective perfusion pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical roles in a two-rescuer CPR scenario?

    <p>One rescuer performs compressions and the other provides breaths or manages the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant advancement in CPR practices in the mid-20th century?

    <p>Development of portable defibrillators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors significantly improves survival rates of patients post-cardiac arrest?

    <p>Early defibrillation for shockable rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical significance does mouth-to-mouth resuscitation have in CPR evolution?

    <p>It was introduced in the 1740s as an important resuscitation technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

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