Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which characteristic distinguishes NoSQL databases from traditional SQL databases?
Which characteristic distinguishes NoSQL databases from traditional SQL databases?
- Fixed, relational schema
- Limited support for unstructured data
- Horizontal scalability on clusters (correct)
- Strict adherence to ACID properties
MapReduce is best suited for real-time analytics due to its low latency data processing.
MapReduce is best suited for real-time analytics due to its low latency data processing.
False (B)
What is the primary advantage of using edge computing in IoT architectures?
What is the primary advantage of using edge computing in IoT architectures?
Local intelligence near sensors
The ability to add or remove nodes in a NoSQL database without downtime is known as ______ scaling.
The ability to add or remove nodes in a NoSQL database without downtime is known as ______ scaling.
Match the database to the corresponding description:
Match the database to the corresponding description:
The CAP theorem describes trade-offs between which three properties in distributed databases?
The CAP theorem describes trade-offs between which three properties in distributed databases?
Hadoop's architecture includes Jobtracker/tasktrackers for managing job assignments and statuses across nodes.
Hadoop's architecture includes Jobtracker/tasktrackers for managing job assignments and statuses across nodes.
What is the role of the 'Map' function in the MapReduce pattern?
What is the role of the 'Map' function in the MapReduce pattern?
In Hadoop, HDFS stands for ______ Distributed File System.
In Hadoop, HDFS stands for ______ Distributed File System.
Which of the following is a common concern when designing distributed databases?
Which of the following is a common concern when designing distributed databases?
SQL databases are generally better suited for handling semi-structured data compared to NoSQL databases.
SQL databases are generally better suited for handling semi-structured data compared to NoSQL databases.
What is the purpose of sharding in NoSQL databases?
What is the purpose of sharding in NoSQL databases?
The open-source MapReduce implementation frequently used for big data processing is called ______.
The open-source MapReduce implementation frequently used for big data processing is called ______.
Which of the following companies is known to use Apache Cassandra extensively?
Which of the following companies is known to use Apache Cassandra extensively?
Communication between nodes in MapReduce is maximized to ensure data accuracy.
Communication between nodes in MapReduce is maximized to ensure data accuracy.
In the context of IoT data, what types of analysis are MapReduce ideal for?
In the context of IoT data, what types of analysis are MapReduce ideal for?
The component in Hadoop that manages data blocks and metadata is called the ______.
The component in Hadoop that manages data blocks and metadata is called the ______.
Which factor contributed significantly to the development of NoSQL databases?
Which factor contributed significantly to the development of NoSQL databases?
The Reduce function in MapReduce aggregates data from all nodes before generating the final result.
The Reduce function in MapReduce aggregates data from all nodes before generating the final result.
What is BJSON, and in which NoSQL database is it commonly used?
What is BJSON, and in which NoSQL database is it commonly used?
Flashcards
NoSQL Databases
NoSQL Databases
A data management approach designed for large-scale, semi-structured, and unstructured data. Offers flexibility and scalability compared to traditional SQL databases.
Scalable NoSQL Databases
Scalable NoSQL Databases
Horizontally scalable databases that run on clusters, using key-value pairs for data storage. They allow for adding or removing nodes without downtime.
Sharding
Sharding
Distributing data across multiple nodes to achieve scalability in NoSQL databases.
Replication
Replication
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CAP Theorem
CAP Theorem
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MongoDB
MongoDB
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Apache Cassandra
Apache Cassandra
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MapReduce
MapReduce
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Map Function
Map Function
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Reduce Function
Reduce Function
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Hadoop
Hadoop
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HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System)
HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System)
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Jobtracker/Tasktrackers
Jobtracker/Tasktrackers
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Name-node/Data-node
Name-node/Data-node
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IoT Architecture
IoT Architecture
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Edge Computing
Edge Computing
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Cloud Handling
Cloud Handling
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Study Notes
- IoT architecture involves: Data generation via sensors, edge computing, connectivity technologies, cloud handling, storage solutions, data processing techniques, and commercial platforms.
NoSQL and MapReduce
- Big data is characterized by its large volume, rapid growth, and increasing adoption across various enterprises.
- Storage, processing speed, and handling high concurrency with low latency are key challenges in managing big data.
- Traditional SQL databases encounter issues like deadlocks, concurrency problems, and scalability limitations.
- SQL's rigid table structures can impede performance when dealing with semi-structured or unstructured data.
- NoSQL databases provide a flexible, non-relational solution for large-scale, semi-structured, and unstructured data.
NoSQL Databases
- NoSQL databases are horizontally scalable and often run on clusters using key-value pairs.
- Elastic scaling is supported, allowing nodes to be added or removed without system downtime.
- Key considerations for distributed databases include scalability via sharding, availability through replication.
- The CAP theorem highlights trade-offs between availability and consistency in distributed systems.
- Read/write inconsistencies may arise, especially in peer-to-peer setups or master-slave models with delayed replication.
- MongoDB is document-oriented, supporting complex data types like BJSON, and offers fast data access.
- MongoDB can be 10x faster than MySQL for datasets larger than 50 GB and supports indexing and relational-like queries.
- Apache Cassandra is highly scalable and fault-tolerant, designed to run on commodity hardware.
- Cassandra replicates data across datacenters for high availability and includes support for indexing and built-in caching.
- Netflix, Twitter, and Reddit use Cassandra, with the largest known cluster exceeding 300 TB across 400 machines.
MapReduce Pattern
- MapReduce shifts from the client-server model to parallel processing across cluster nodes using key-value pairs.
- MapReduce is well-suited for big data tasks such as statistical analysis on sensor data.
- The Map function processes local data subsets, creating intermediate key-value summaries.
- The Reduce function aggregates grouped key-value pairs to produce final results.
- Communication between nodes is minimized through early data summarization in the Map phase.
- MapReduce is suitable for distributed IoT applications with geographically dispersed sensor data.
- Hadoop is an open-source MapReduce implementation that includes HDFS for resilient, distributed storage.
- Hadoop's architecture includes Jobtracker/tasktrackers for managing job assignments and status, along with name-node/data-node for metadata and data block management.
- Hadoop provides fault tolerance and scalability, but has high latency due to blocking operations.
- Hadoop is optimized for batch jobs rather than real-time analytics.
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