Introduction to NoSQL Databases
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following databases is an example of a CP system, prioritizing consistency and partition tolerance?

  • CouchDB
  • Cassandra
  • BigTable (correct)
  • Amazon Dynamo

    • In the context of distributed systems, what does the acronym ACID stand for?

  • Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Direct
  • Asynchronous, Concurrent, Independent, Durable
  • Asynchronous, Coherent, Isolated, Durable
  • Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a graph database?

  • Discovering complex connections between data points
  • Efficient data compression (correct)
  • High performance for analytical queries
  • Optimized for traversing relationships

    • What is the main trade-off involved in the CAP theorem?

    <p>Consistency vs. Availability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of NoSQL databases in relation to the ACID properties?

    <p>They often relax some ACID properties to improve availability and performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a system that prioritizes availability and partition tolerance (AP), what is a potential drawback?

    <p>Potential for data inconsistencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios would benefit most from using a graph database?

    <p>Analyzing user behavior on a social media platform (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a distributed-lock system like Chubby?

    <p>Ensuring consistency across multiple nodes in a distributed system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of replication used in databases?

    <p>Chain Replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of index is commonly used in MongoDB for full-text search?

    <p>Text Index (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of replication in databases?

    <p>To ensure data redundancy and high availability by maintaining multiple copies of data across different servers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which database uses B-tree data structures for its primary key indexes?

    <p>MongoDB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of replication model can any replica accept writes?

    <p>Leaderless Replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism used by MongoDB for replication?

    <p>Oplog (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which consistency level in Cosmos DB provides the strongest guarantee of data consistency?

    <p>Strong (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of index used in Neo4j?

    <p>Multikey Index (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Big Data?

    <p>Consistency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of horizontal scaling in NoSQL databases?

    <p>Increased scalability compared to vertical scaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of NoSQL database is best suited for managing user sessions and caching data?

    <p>Key-value stores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following NoSQL database examples is a document database?

    <p>MongoDB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge faced by traditional relational databases (SQL) when dealing with Big Data?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of NoSQL database is optimized for read and write operations on large datasets and is suitable for data warehousing?

    <p>Column-oriented databases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of NoSQL databases?

    <p>Databases that offer a flexible schema and horizontal scaling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a flexible schema in NoSQL databases?

    <p>Adaptation to evolving data structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of partitioning in NoSQL databases?

    <p>To handle large datasets and high-throughput operations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DynamoDB allow for different levels of consistency?

    <p>By allowing the application to choose the number of copies and writes required for a write to complete, and the number of copies to read from. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rebalancing in partitioning?

    <p>To ensure that data is evenly distributed across nodes for load balancing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following NoSQL databases uses a gossip protocol for routing requests to the correct partition?

    <p>Cassandra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between key-range partitioning and hash partitioning?

    <p>Key-range partitioning allows for efficient range queries, while hash partitioning is better suited for scattered data distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which NoSQL database uses sharding at the collection level, distributing data based on a shard key?

    <p>MongoDB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using consistent hashing for partitioning?

    <p>It minimizes data movement when nodes are added or removed, increasing system stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of indexing in NoSQL databases?

    <p>To improve query performance by allowing quick access to specific data within a collection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Indexing

    A method to improve query performance by creating efficient access paths to data.

    Key-Value Stores

    Databases that typically use indexes on a primary key for fast data access.

    Document Databases

    Support indexes on document fields, like in MongoDB, which uses B-trees.

    Graph Databases

    Support indexes on nodes, relationships, and properties for efficient queries.

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    Leader-Based Replication

    One designated leader node manages all writes while others replicate data.

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    Multi-Leader Replication

    Multiple nodes can accept writes, spreading the load and avoiding single points of failure.

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    Consistency Levels

    Different trade-offs between data consistency and system performance in databases.

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    Replication Logs

    Logs that record database writes for replication, enabling data backup and recovery.

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    Big Data

    Extremely large and complex data sets unmanageable by traditional software.

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    Volume in Big Data

    The sheer amount of data, often in terabytes to petabytes.

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    Velocity in Big Data

    The speed at which data is generated and processed, including real-time streams.

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    Variety in Big Data

    Different types of data, such as structured, unstructured, and semi-structured.

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    NoSQL Databases

    Databases designed for handling big data, offering flexible schemas and horizontal scaling.

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    Column-Oriented Databases

    Databases that store data in columns, optimizing for big data read/write operations.

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    Use Cases of Graph Databases

    Applications such as social networks, recommendation engines, and fraud detection.

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    CAP Theorem

    A theorem stating that a distributed system can only guarantee two of: Consistency, Availability, Partition Tolerance.

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    Consistency (C)

    In CAP, ensures all nodes see the same data at the same time.

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    Availability (A)

    In CAP, the system remains operational and responsive even if some nodes fail.

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    ACID Transactions

    Properties that guarantee data integrity: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.

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    Atomicity (A)

    In ACID, all operations in a transaction succeed or fail together.

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    Eventual Consistency

    A model where data may be temporarily inconsistent, but will converge to a consistent state.

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    Neo4j Consistency

    Offers causal, eventual, and strong consistency models for data access.

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    Dynamo Consistency Control

    Allows applications to choose consistency levels using NWR notation for writes and reads.

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    Partitioning Purpose

    Distributes data across machines for managing large datasets and high throughput.

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    Key-Range Partitioning

    Data divided into ranges based on key values for distribution.

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    Hash Partitioning

    Distributes data using a hash function applied to keys for evenness.

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    Consistent Hashing

    Minimizes data movement when nodes are added/removed by assigning ranges on a ring.

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    Sharding in MongoDB

    Distributes data at the collection level using a shard key for large datasets.

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    Cassandra Partitioning

    Uses key-based partitioning with consistent hashing based on a partition key.

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    Study Notes

    Motivation for NoSQL Databases

    • Traditional SQL databases struggle with big data challenges like volume, velocity, and variety.
    • Volume refers to massive data amounts (terabytes to petabytes).
    • Velocity refers to the speed of data generation and processing.
    • Variety refers to different data types (structured, unstructured, semi-structured).
    • NoSQL databases offer scalability through horizontal scaling (adding more servers).
    • Traditional SQL databases often use vertical scaling (improving a single server's resources).
    • NoSQL databases provide more flexible schemas than the rigid structures of relational databases.
    • NoSQL databases are optimized for specific use cases and can outperform traditional SQL databases in performance for certain operations.

    Main Types of NoSQL Databases

    Key-Value Stores

    • Simplest NoSQL data stores using primary key access.
    • Function like hash tables (key-value pairs).
    • Value storage as a blob.
    • Ideal for caching, session management, and storing simple data.
    • Examples include Redis, Memcached, and Amazon DynamoDB.
    • Features high performance and scalability.
    • Easy to use API with basic get, put, and delete operations.

    Document Databases

    • Store data as documents, often in JSON format.
    • Each document can have a unique schema.
    • Useful for content management systems, real-time analytics, and applications needing adaptable data structures.
    • Examples include MongoDB and Azure Cosmos DB.

    Column-Oriented Databases

    • Store data in columns instead of rows.
    • Efficient for read/write operations on large datasets.
    • Commonly used in data warehousing and big data applications.
    • Examples include Apache Cassandra and HBase.
    • Features include efficient data compression and high analytical query performance.

    Graph Databases

    • Uses graph structures with nodes, edges, and properties to represent data.
    • Ideal for social networks, recommendation engines, fraud detection, and knowledge graphs.
    • Examples include Neo4j and Amazon Neptune.
    • Optimized for traversing relationships and discovering complex connections between data points.

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    NoSQL Databases Summary PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of NoSQL databases and their advantages over traditional SQL databases. This quiz covers key concepts such as volume, velocity, variety, and the main types of NoSQL databases, with a focus on key-value stores and their applications.

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