Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of cervicitis?
What is the primary characteristic of lichen sclerosus?
Which organism is responsible for approximately 40% of cervicitis cases in sexually transmitted disease clinics?
What screening test is considered the most successful for detecting cervical cancer?
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Which form of condyloma is more commonly seen on anogenital surfaces?
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What is a significant risk associated with lichen sclerosus?
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At what age does the peak incidence of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) typically occur?
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In which demographic is non-HPV-related vulvar squamous cell carcinoma most commonly seen?
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Which factor is likely to increase the risk of developing CIN and invasive cervical carcinoma?
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding condylomata?
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Which of the following statements about cervical cancer and CIN is TRUE?
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What type of cancers commonly arises from the cervix?
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What histopathological feature is associated with lichen simplex chronicus?
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What percentage of vulvar carcinomas is squamous cell carcinoma?
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Which characteristic is associated with cervicitis?
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Which condition is often present at the margins of established vulvar cancer?
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What is the primary function of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes?
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Which of the following genetic conditions is associated with mutations in the p53 gene?
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What was observed regarding the use of combined estrogen plus progestin hormone therapy?
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How does ionizing radiation to the chest affect breast cancer risk?
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What percentage of women irradiated for Hodgkin lymphoma in their teens and 20s develop breast cancer?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a well-established risk factor for breast cancer?
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What is the characteristic appearance of cysts in fibrocystic changes?
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Which of the following is NOT included in proliferative breast disease without atypia?
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What type of breast tumor is the most common benign neoplasm in females?
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In which demographic do fibroadenomas most commonly appear?
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What is a common feature of phyllodes tumors?
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Which statement about atypical lobular hyperplasia is true?
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What contributes to the development of fibroadenomas?
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Which characteristic is associated with sclerosing adenosis?
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What characteristic is associated with the most malignant breast tumors?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with intraductal papilloma?
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At what age group is breast cancer most commonly diagnosed?
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What percentage of breast cancer cases metastasize to distant sites?
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Which group of women is most likely to carry a breast cancer susceptibility gene?
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What is the typical behavior of solitary intraductal papillomas?
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How does the incidence of breast cancer vary geographically?
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Which factor is not typically correlated with breast cancer risk?
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Study Notes
Non-Neoplastic Epithelial Disorders
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Lichen Sclerosus:
- Characterized by atrophic epithelium and dermal fibrosis.
- Pathogenesis unclear; possible autoimmune involvement.
- Increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
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Lichen Simplex Chronicus:
- Epithelial thickening resulting from inflammatory dermatoses.
- Expansion of stratum granulosum and surface hyperkeratosis noted.
- Typically no increased cancer risk; can appear at margins of vulvar cancers.
Tumors
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Condylomas:
- Two types:
- Condylomata lata: moist, flat lesions, associated with secondary syphilis.
- Condylomata acuminata: more common, papillary, elevated lesions on anogenital surfaces.
- Not pre-cancerous, but found alongside low-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN grade 1).
- Two types:
High-Grade Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Carcinoma
- Carcinoma of the vulva accounts for approximately 3% of all genital tract cancers in women.
- 90% of vulvar carcinomas are squamous cell carcinomas, primarily HPV-related, affecting younger patients.
- Non-HPV-related cancers, typically arising in older women, associated with conditions like lichen sclerosus.
Cervicitis
- Inflammation of the cervix commonly presents with purulent vaginal discharge.
- Can result from infectious or non-infectious causes.
- Frequently linked to sexually transmitted diseases, with Chlamydia trachomatis responsible for 40% of cases in STI clinics.
Cervical Cancer
- Major cause of cancer mortality in women.
- The pap smear is an effective screening tool for early detection.
- Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) can be identified years before invasive cancer develops, with peak CIN incidence around 30 years of age.
Proliferative Breast Disease
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Without Atypia:
- Includes lesions such as epithelial hyperplasia, sclerosing adenosis, complex sclerosing lesions, and papillomas.
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With Atypia:
- Includes atypical ductal hyperplasia and atypical lobular hyperplasia.
Breast Tumors
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Can originate in either epithelial or connective tissue; most breast neoplasms arise from epithelial structures.
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Fibroadenoma:
- Most common benign breast tumor, typically occurs in women around their third decade.
- Linked to increased estrogen activity, presents as discrete, movable masses.
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Phyllodes Tumor:
- Less common than fibroadenomas, can be large and cystic, with possible malignant transformation.
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Intraductal Papilloma:
- Neoplastic growth within ducts; can cause serous or bloody discharge and occasionally be associated with nipple retraction.
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
- 75% of breast cancer cases occur in women over age 50.
- Geographic variation in incidence; higher rates in North America and northern Europe.
- Family history and genetics play a significant role, with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations frequently implicated.
- Prolonged exposure to estrogen from hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptives is associated with increased cancer risk.
- Ionizing radiation exposure, obesity, alcohol, and high-fat diets also identified as risk factors.
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Description
This quiz covers non-neoplastic epithelial disorders such as Lichen Sclerosus and Lichen Simplex Chronicus, as well as various types of condylomas. It also addresses high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma, focusing on their characteristics and cancer risks. Test your knowledge of these important dermatological conditions.