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Questions and Answers
What is dose-dependent pharmacokinetics also termed as?
What is dose-dependent pharmacokinetics also termed as?
- Zero-order kinetics
- Non-linear pharmacokinetics (correct)
- Linear pharmacokinetics
- First-order kinetics
What may cause deviations from the linear pharmacokinetic profile observed with single low doses of a drug?
What may cause deviations from the linear pharmacokinetic profile observed with single low doses of a drug?
- Constant doses or regular medication
- Increased doses or chronic medication (correct)
- Fluctuating doses or irregular medication
- Decreased doses or acute medication
What happens to the pharmacokinetic parameters with the size of the administered dose in nonlinear pharmacokinetics?
What happens to the pharmacokinetic parameters with the size of the administered dose in nonlinear pharmacokinetics?
- They change (correct)
- They remain constant
- They increase
- They decrease
What specialized processes may become saturated for drugs given at therapeutic levels?
What specialized processes may become saturated for drugs given at therapeutic levels?
What may alter biliary excretion and cause non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What may alter biliary excretion and cause non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What may cause renal nephrotoxicity and alter renal drug excretion, leading to non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What may cause renal nephrotoxicity and alter renal drug excretion, leading to non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
Which type of kinetics transforms into a mixture of first-order and zero-order rate processes?
Which type of kinetics transforms into a mixture of first-order and zero-order rate processes?
What is one of the objectives of understanding non-linear pharmacokinetics?
What is one of the objectives of understanding non-linear pharmacokinetics?
In linear pharmacokinetic models, what did it assume about the pharmacokinetic parameters for a drug when different doses were given?
In linear pharmacokinetic models, what did it assume about the pharmacokinetic parameters for a drug when different doses were given?
What are most of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion involving in non-linear pharmacokinetics?
What are most of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion involving in non-linear pharmacokinetics?
What are some causes of non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What are some causes of non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What specialized processes may become saturated for drugs given at therapeutic levels?
What specialized processes may become saturated for drugs given at therapeutic levels?
What is dose-dependent pharmacokinetics also termed as?
What is dose-dependent pharmacokinetics also termed as?
What happens to the pharmacokinetic parameters with the size of the administered dose in nonlinear pharmacokinetics?
What happens to the pharmacokinetic parameters with the size of the administered dose in nonlinear pharmacokinetics?
What are some causes of non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What are some causes of non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
In linear pharmacokinetic models, what did it assume about the pharmacokinetic parameters for a drug when different doses were given?
In linear pharmacokinetic models, what did it assume about the pharmacokinetic parameters for a drug when different doses were given?
What may cause deviations from the linear pharmacokinetic profile observed with single low doses of a drug?
What may cause deviations from the linear pharmacokinetic profile observed with single low doses of a drug?
What are most of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion involving in non-linear pharmacokinetics?
What are most of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion involving in non-linear pharmacokinetics?
What is one of the objectives of understanding non-linear pharmacokinetics?
What is one of the objectives of understanding non-linear pharmacokinetics?
What type of kinetics do drugs exhibit when the elimination of the drug does not follow simple first-order kinetics?
What type of kinetics do drugs exhibit when the elimination of the drug does not follow simple first-order kinetics?
What is the term used to describe the rate constant at low plasma concentration where first-order kinetics is expected?
What is the term used to describe the rate constant at low plasma concentration where first-order kinetics is expected?
What characteristic is exhibited by drugs that produce plasma drug concentrations well below the Km for all carrier-mediated enzyme systems affecting the pharmacokinetics of the drug?
What characteristic is exhibited by drugs that produce plasma drug concentrations well below the Km for all carrier-mediated enzyme systems affecting the pharmacokinetics of the drug?
Which process may be affected by other drugs that require the same enzyme or carrier-mediated system in drugs exhibiting saturation kinetics?
Which process may be affected by other drugs that require the same enzyme or carrier-mediated system in drugs exhibiting saturation kinetics?
What characteristic is exhibited by drugs that demonstrate saturation kinetics regarding their elimination half-life as the dose is increased?
What characteristic is exhibited by drugs that demonstrate saturation kinetics regarding their elimination half-life as the dose is increased?
What characteristic do drugs exhibit in the saturation kinetics?
What characteristic do drugs exhibit in the saturation kinetics?
Which characteristic describes the plasma level-time curve for a drug that exhibits saturable kinetics when a large dose is given?
Which characteristic describes the plasma level-time curve for a drug that exhibits saturable kinetics when a large dose is given?
What process describes the elimination of drug by a saturable enzymatic process according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
What process describes the elimination of drug by a saturable enzymatic process according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
At high plasma concentrations, what type of kinetics are not seen in drugs given in therapeutic doses?
At high plasma concentrations, what type of kinetics are not seen in drugs given in therapeutic doses?
What happens to the elimination kinetics with very small doses of drugs such as salicylate and phenytoin?
What happens to the elimination kinetics with very small doses of drugs such as salicylate and phenytoin?
Which of the following drugs is reported to exhibit capacity limited elimination?
Which of the following drugs is reported to exhibit capacity limited elimination?
What characteristic is exhibited by drugs that demonstrate saturation kinetics regarding their elimination half-life as the dose is increased?
What characteristic is exhibited by drugs that demonstrate saturation kinetics regarding their elimination half-life as the dose is increased?
What type of kinetics do drugs exhibit when the elimination of the drug does not follow simple first-order kinetics?
What type of kinetics do drugs exhibit when the elimination of the drug does not follow simple first-order kinetics?
What process describes the elimination of drug by a saturable enzymatic process according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
What process describes the elimination of drug by a saturable enzymatic process according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
At high plasma concentrations, what type of kinetics are not seen in drugs given in therapeutic doses?
At high plasma concentrations, what type of kinetics are not seen in drugs given in therapeutic doses?
What are some causes of non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What are some causes of non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
Which characteristic describes the plasma level-time curve for a drug that exhibits saturable kinetics when a large dose is given?
Which characteristic describes the plasma level-time curve for a drug that exhibits saturable kinetics when a large dose is given?
What specialized processes may become saturated for drugs given at therapeutic levels?
What specialized processes may become saturated for drugs given at therapeutic levels?
What may cause renal nephrotoxicity and alter renal drug excretion, leading to non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What may cause renal nephrotoxicity and alter renal drug excretion, leading to non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What type of kinetics do drugs exhibit when the elimination of the drug does not follow simple first-order kinetics?
What type of kinetics do drugs exhibit when the elimination of the drug does not follow simple first-order kinetics?
What is one of the causes of non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What is one of the causes of non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior?
What is dose-dependent pharmacokinetics also termed as?
What is dose-dependent pharmacokinetics also termed as?
In linear pharmacokinetic models, what did it assume about the pharmacokinetic parameters for a drug when different doses were given?
In linear pharmacokinetic models, what did it assume about the pharmacokinetic parameters for a drug when different doses were given?
What process describes the elimination of a drug by a saturable enzymatic process according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
What process describes the elimination of a drug by a saturable enzymatic process according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics?
What happens to the elimination kinetics with very small doses of drugs such as salicylate and phenytoin?
What happens to the elimination kinetics with very small doses of drugs such as salicylate and phenytoin?
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Study Notes
Dose-Dependent Pharmacokinetics
- Also termed as nonlinear pharmacokinetics
Non-Linear Pharmacokinetic Behavior
- Caused by deviations from the linear pharmacokinetic profile observed with single low doses of a drug
- May occur due to saturation of specialized processes, such as enzymatic reactions or active transport, at therapeutic levels
- Can be altered by biliary excretion and renal nephrotoxicity
- Processes of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion may involve non-linear pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetic Parameters
- In nonlinear pharmacokinetics, parameters change with the size of the administered dose
- In linear pharmacokinetic models, parameters are assumed to remain constant with different doses
Objectives of Understanding Non-Linear Pharmacokinetics
- To predict pharmacokinetic behavior at high doses or with prolonged administration
Saturation Kinetics
- Type of kinetics that transforms into a mixture of first-order and zero-order rate processes
- Characterized by a decrease in elimination half-life as the dose is increased
- Plasma level-time curve exhibits a plateau or sigmoid shape when a large dose is given
- Process describes the elimination of drug by a saturable enzymatic process according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics
Special Cases
- Phenytoin and salicylate exhibit capacity-limited elimination, where elimination kinetics change with very small doses
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