H.pylori L1
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H.pylori L1

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Questions and Answers

What is the percentage of the world's population that harbors H. pylori?

  • 30%
  • 90%
  • 70%
  • 50% (correct)
  • When was H. pylori discovered?

  • 1990
  • 2005
  • 1983 (correct)
  • 1975
  • How many species of Helicobacter are recognized now?

  • 20 (correct)
  • 30
  • 40
  • 10
  • What earned Warren and Marshall the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2005?

    <p>Discovery of H. pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evidence regarding animal-to-human transmission of H. pylori?

    <p>No evidence of transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals infected with H. pylori are asymptomatic?

    <p>~40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is considered the most reliable for diagnosing H. pylori?

    <p>Histological examination of biopsy specimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of culturing the bacteria in the context of H. pylori diagnosis?

    <p>To assess antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are molecular methods, such as PCR, not available in all centers for H. pylori testing?

    <p>They are more expensive than other methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do TNF-α and IL-8 play in the context of H. pylori infection?

    <p>They contribute to inflammation and gastritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that can influence the severity of H. pylori symptoms?

    <p>Genes and immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is H. pylori difficult to culture?

    <p>It requires special media for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rapid urease test (CLO-test) in diagnosing H. pylori?

    <p>To directly visualize the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission for H. pylori infections?

    <p>Oral-oral and fecal-oral routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of urease produced by H. pylori?

    <p>Neutralizes gastric acid to help the bacterium survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential complications of peptic ulcers caused by H. pylori infection?

    <p>Bleeding, perforation, and malignant transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the virulence of certain strains of H. pylori?

    <p>Cag pathogenicity island (PAI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of H. pylori infections?

    <p>Abdominal pain, epigastric pain, bloating, and weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the methods used for diagnosing H. pylori infection?

    <p>Cultures, histology, and urea breath test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is recommended for checking active H. Pylori infection?

    <p>Stool antigen test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of untreated ulcers?

    <p>Perforation and peritonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not a known risk factor for peptic ulcers?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of urease produced by H. Pylori?

    <p>Neutralize stomach acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    5

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested initial treatment regimen for H. Pylori infection?

    <p>Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) along with bismuth subsalicylate/subcitrate, metronidazole, and tetracycline for 14 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of a positive serology test for H. Pylori?

    <p>It indicates past exposure but not necessarily active infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of peptic ulcers?

    <p>Burning or dull pain in the epigastric area, more severe when the stomach is empty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some known virulence factors of H. Pylori?

    <p>Urease, CagA, VacA, and outer membrane proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    {17}

    • H.pylori bacteria causes gastric infections, with varying amounts of gastric acid at each stage.
    • Strains of H.pylori without Cag and Vag genes cause less severe diseases and may be asymptomatic.
    • Virulence factors of H.pylori include:
    • Outer membrane proteins
    • Urease
    • Proteins and phospholipase
    • Vac and Cag
    • Fastidious bacteria like H.pylori require special nutritional supplements to grow.
    • A positive result in stool antigen and urease test indicates active H.pylori infection.
    • Serology tests with positive results do not necessarily mean active H.pylori infection.
    • Diagnosis of H.pylori infection requires endoscopy to check for ulcers and biopsy for cancer detection.
    • Biopsy samples are put in urea to check for positive results.
    • Diagnosis depends on patient's situation and initial diagnosis methods.
    • Some patients prefer certain foods to help alleviate pain.
    • Antibiotic treatment requires several medications and an acidic environment for the antibiotics to work.
    • Resistance to some antibiotic options has increased, making treatment less common.
    • Benefits of anti-acidic treatment include creating an environment for antibiotics to work and relieving stomach pain.
    • Testing is done after four weeks of treatment to check infection progress.

    {18}

    • Peptic ulcers, which include gastric and duodenal ulcers, can be caused by H.pylori and other risk factors like NSAIDs, smoking, and alcohol.
    • The risk of stomach cancer (gastric adenocarcinoma) is less compared to other sites in the GI tract.
    • Ulcers can be acute or chronic, and may cause significant pain in the epigastric area.
    • The pain is described as burning or dull and is more severe if the stomach is empty.
    • Melena is a sign of bleeding in the upper GIT, which appears as dark stool due to oxidation.
    • Untreated ulcers can lead to perforation and peritonitis, requiring emergency surgery.

    {19}

    • H. Pylori is a microaerophilic, spiral-shaped bacterium that is positive for urease and produces ammonia.
    • H. Pylori is a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma.
    • Proteases from H. Pylori can damage epithelial cells.
    • The invasive method for diagnosis of H. Pylori is histological examination of biopsy samples.
    • Signs of peptic ulcer include nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and haematemesis, but weight gain is not a sign.

    {20}

    • Question 1: The most likely diagnosis is peptic ulcer.
    • Question 2: The most likely causative agent is Helicobacter Pylori.
    • Question 3: Virulence factors of H. Pylori include urease, CagA, and VacA.
    • Question 4: Diagnostic methods for H. Pylori include invasive (e.g., biopsy) and non-invasive (e.g., stool antigen test, urea breath test) methods.
    • Question 5: H. Pylori can cause chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and MALT lymphoma.
    • Question 6: The suggested initial treatment regimen is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) along with bismuth subsalicylate/subcitrate, metronidazole, and tetracycline for 14 days.

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    Description

    Learn about non-invasive diagnostic methods used before resorting to invasive procedures. Understand the limitations of serology tests and the use of stool antigen and carbon urea breath tests in diagnosing certain conditions.

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