26 Questions
What is the purpose of using protease inhibitors in antiretroviral therapy?
To target multiple stages of the HIV life cycle
What is the mechanism of action of Nucleos(t)ide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)?
By competitively inhibiting the incorporation of native nucleotides
How do NNRTIs act as inhibitors in HIV treatment?
By inducing a conformational change in the enzyme structure
Why are Nucleos(t)ide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors important in HIV pharmacokinetics?
To enter cells and be phosphorylated for substrate generation
How do Nucleos(t)ide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) exert their pharmacodynamic effect?
Competitive inhibition of reverse transcriptase enzymes
Which enzyme do Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) act on?
Reverse transcriptase
Why do NRTIs require intra-cytoplasmic activation via phosphorylation by cellular enzymes?
To be converted into their active triphosphorylated form
What is the mechanism of action of NNRTIs?
Noncompetitive inhibition
What is the selective toxicity of NRTIs based on?
Affinity for DNA-polymerase gamma (mitochondrial enzyme)
What adverse effect is commonly associated with Efavirenz use?
Abnormal dreams
Which Nucleos(t)ide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) does not require triphosphorylation for activation?
Tenofovir
Which HIV strain are Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) active against?
HIV-1 only
What is a common characteristic of Protease Inhibitors (PIs)?
Associated with lipodystrophy syndrome
What is significant about the resistance development with Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)?
Rapid resistance (days or weeks) if given as monotherapy
Where is the HBZ gene encoded in relation to the DNA strand?
Complementary negative sense strand
What is the characteristic of HBZ expression during infection?
Continuously expressed throughout the infection
In ATL cells, what effects does Tax-independent cell proliferation lead to?
Recapitulation of the effects of Tax protein
Which cellular transcription factors are constitutively expressed in aggressive ATL cells?
NF-κB, NF-AT, AP-1, STAT-5
What is a genetic predisposition to Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) according to the text?
Certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles
Which feature is characteristic of Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) at an advanced stage?
Presence of systemic lymphadenopathy
How is HTLV-1 infection diagnosed according to the text?
Demonstration of antibodies to HTLV-1 in the patient's serum
What is a cellular effect caused by the Tax protein of HTLV-1?
Induction of cell cycle progression
How does the HTLV-1 protein p12I contribute to down-modulation of MHC-I-restricted antigen presentation?
By sequestering MHC-I alpha chain in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
What is one of the effects of Tax-dependent cell proliferation of escape mutants?
Low-grade Acute T-cell Leukemia (ATL)
How does HBZ contribute to leukemogenesis in HTLV-1 infection?
Suppressing Tax-mediated proviral transcription
What characterizes the stage of low-grade ATL in HTLV-1 infection?
Presence of skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly
Learn about Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI) mechanism of action, which induces a conformational change in the enzyme structure. Understand their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including their activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Explore how NNRTIs act as noncompetitive inhibitors.
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