HIV, PrEP, and NRTIs Overview

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Questions and Answers

What condition does the presence of guarding during assessment likely indicate?

Cardiomyopathy

Lactic acidosis

Pancreatitis (correct)

Hepatomegaly

What is the mechanism of action for Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)?

Stimulate immune response

Incorporate into viral RNA

Incorporate into viral DNA and terminate (correct)

Inhibit CD4+ cell production

What is a potential serious adverse effect of NRTIs that clinicians should monitor for?

Hepatic failure

Hypertension

Hyperglycemia

Granulocytopenia (correct)

What is the primary purpose of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)?

To prevent HIV infection in high-risk individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is a prototype Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)?

Efavirenz Signup and view all the answers

What is an important nursing consideration when administering efavirenz?

Monitor for visual disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Truvada (PrEP) is FALSE?

It is effective against all sexually transmitted diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the progression of HIV infection?

The asymptomatic phase can last for months or years Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for acyclovir?

Interrupts viral DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is classified as a retrovirus?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding ganciclovir?

Renal impairment is a nursing consideration. Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections does Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) typically cause?

Cold sores and genital herpes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nursing consideration for using ganciclovir?

Maintain contraceptive precautions during therapy Signup and view all the answers

What condition can Cytomegalovirus (CMV) cause in individuals with compromised immune systems?

CMV retinitis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of virus is known to turn the host cell into a 'virus factory'?

Retroviruses Signup and view all the answers

What is a key side effect of ganciclovir that requires monitoring?

Granulocytopenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of prescribing acyclovir?

Decreases pain and viral shedding Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing consideration is most critical when administering ganciclovir?

Assess client’s vision after administration Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant sign of respiratory distress to monitor in children treated with ribavirin?

Nasal flaring Signup and view all the answers

How should oseltamivir be taken to reduce gastrointestinal upset?

With food Signup and view all the answers

Which route of transmission is associated with Hepatitis A?

Fecal-oral route Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for using lamivudine?

Pancreatitis Signup and view all the answers

What common symptom might an adult experience when infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

Common cold symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is associated with teratogenic effects and requires careful monitoring?

Ribavirin Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of untreated Hepatitis B infections?

Cirrhosis Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of action does ribavirin exhibit?

Interferes with DNA and RNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

HIV

HIV is a retrovirus
HIV targets and destroys CD4+ cells
CD4+ cells regulate the immune system
HIV treatments include multiple drugs
HIV can progress to AIDS
Infection can show flu-like symptoms early on
Later stages may be asymptomatic but infectious
Immune system damage results in increased viral replication
AIDS occurs when viral load is high
Patients with AIDS experience serious opportunistic infections

PrEP

PrEP is pre-exposure prophylaxis
PrEP aims to prevent HIV infection
PrEP uses Truvada (tenofovir and emtricitabine)
PrEP taken daily lowers the risk of HIV infection from sex by nearly 99%
PrEP lowers the risk of HIV infection from injection by 74%
PrEP does not protect against other STDs

NRTIs

Zidovudine (AZT) is a prototype
NRTIs incorporate into viral DNA and terminate it
NRTIs prevent the third and fourth steps in viral replication
NRTIs prevent HIV transmission from mother to fetus
NRTIs can cause granulocytopenia, pancytopenia, lactic acidosis, and hepatomegaly

NNRTIs

Efavirenz is a prototype
NNRTIs act similarly to NRTIs
NNRTIs have synergy with NRTIs
NNRTIs are contraindicated for patients with hepatic impairment

Herpesviruses

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes fever blisters, cold sores, and genital herpes
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause CMV retinitis

Acyclovir

Acyclovir is a prototype
Acyclovir inhibits viral DNA replication
Acyclovir treats herpes simplex virus (HSV) and genital herpes
Acyclovir reduces duration and pain of HSV and genital herpes
Acyclovir is used topically or IV

Ganciclovir

Ganciclovir is a prototype
Ganciclovir inhibits viral DNA synthesis
Ganciclovir treats CMV
Ganciclovir can cause renal impairment
Ganciclovir has two black box warnings
Ganciclovir can cause granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia
Contraceptive precautions are required during and 90 days after ganciclovir therapy

Valganciclovir

Valganciclovir is the oral version of ganciclovir
Valganciclovir has the same black box warnings as ganciclovir
Valganciclovir is taken with a high-fat meal to increase absorption

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

RSV is a respiratory illness
RSV is more severe in babies
RSV can cause cyanosis (bluish skin color)
Adults and healthy children can carry RSV without severe symptoms

Ribavirin

Ribavirin is a prototype
Ribavirin interferes with DNA and RNA replication
Ribavirin treats RSV in children
Ribavirin has a black box warning for severe teratogenic effects
Ribavirin is given via inhalation
Monitor for signs of respiratory distress during ribavirin administration

Influenza

Influenza causes muscle aches, pains, fatigue, fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, and shivering
Influenza can be deadly

Oseltamivir

Oseltamivir is a prototype
Oseltamivir prevents new viruses from leaving the cell
Oseltamivir treats influenza in patients older than 1 year
Oseltamivir can be taken prophylactically
Oseltamivir may cause side effects that are similar to flu symptoms
Oseltamivir should be taken with food to decrease GI upset

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A spreads through the fecal-oral route
Hepatitis A can be transmitted from person to person

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B spreads through contaminated blood or other body fluids
Hepatitis B can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, and death

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C spreads through contaminated blood or other body fluids
Hepatitis C can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, and death

Lamivudine

Lamivudine is a prototype
Lamivudine incorporates into viral DNA and terminates it
Lamivudine treats chronic Hepatitis B
Lamivudine is used off-label for HIV
Lamivudine can cause pancreatitis, lactic acidosis, musculoskeletal pain, and hepatomegaly with steatosis

Lamivudine and Upper Abdominal Pain

Lamivudine can cause pancreatitis
Upper abdominal pain can be a symptom of pancreatitis
Monitor for pancreatitis in patients taking lamivudine

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Description

This quiz covers essential information about HIV, its impact on the immune system, and the importance of PrEP in preventing infection. It also dives into the role of NRTIs in HIV treatment and transmission prevention. Test your knowledge on these critical topics related to HIV/AIDS.