نماذج ونظريات في العمل الفردي

• Lecture 1: Models and Theories in Individual Work

Theory vs. Model

• A theory's function is interpretation, while a model's function is intervention.
• The role of theory in working with individuals and families.

Importance of Theory

• Theory assists in revealing social reality, describing, understanding, and interpreting it.
• Theory contributes to elevating the status of the profession.
• Theory establishes the foundations for intervention goals, and stages.

Concepts Related to Theory

• General Conceptual Framework: Represents the philosophy of life for a theory or model, divided into:
  • Objective Material Framework: Everything that can be perceived through the senses.
  • Idealistic Framework: Emotions and desires (abstract).

Key Definitions

• Concept: Verbal symbols referring to existing things.
• Variable: The way we express the non-constant things around us, can be expressed in two ways (how? and why?).
• Theory: Expresses a part of social reality by detailing a set of concepts, providing an accurate description of them, explaining the relationship between them, identifying influencing factors, determining its path, and predicting its future - subject to empirical testing for validity through observation and experimentation.

The Significance of Theory

• Understanding social reality and its phenomena, subjects, and problems.

• Aiding in predicting potential future changes, thus facilitating the planning of social advocacy services.

• Assisting in building appropriate intervention models.

• Facilitating the transfer of knowledge from one situation to another.

• Helping to move away from subjectivity and adhere to objectivity.

• Assisting in updating the information needed to be obtained.

• Lecture 2

Factors Leading to Multiple Models in Vocational Practice

• The variety of social sciences upon which the profession is based.
• The diversity of clients from social services and their various age groups.
• The complexity of the problems clients face.

Classification of Vocational Practice Models

• Based on the theoretical framework upon which the model relies:
  • Models Based on a Single Theory:
    • Functional Model.
    • Behavioral Model.
    • Crisis Intervention Model.
  • Models Based on Multiple Theories:
    • Family Therapy Model.
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Model.
  • Models Not Based on Theoretical Frameworks:
    • (Practical Wisdom).
    • Eclectic Model.
    • Task-Centered Model.
    • Problem-Solving.

Classification Based on the Time Span Addressed by the Model

• Models that focus more on the past.
  • Psychoanalytic Model.
  • Social Treatment.
• Models that focus on the present.
  • Functional.
• Models that focus on the future.
  • Crisis Intervention Model.

Lecture 3

A Classification of Models Based on the Temporal Range Through Which Service is Provided

• Time-Limited Models:

  • Range from less than three months (short-term) to more than three months (extended).
  • Consist of 12 sessions or less.
  • Examples: Intervention Model, Crisis.

• Models of varying duration.

  • Examples: Family Therapy, problem-solving.
  • Functional model.

Classification Based on Therapeutic Commitment (Therapeutic Approaches)

• "Free" Models: Not containing therapeutic methods.
  • Solution-focused.
• Committed Models:
  • Such as Family, Behavioral, and Cognitive therapies.
• Mixed Models:
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy
  • Cognitive emotion therapy
• Open Models: containing scientific methods.

Classification Based on the breadth of cases which the model deals with

• General models that can be applied to all clients and problems
  • Psychological, social, or solution-based models.
• Limited models.
  • In the following format

Specific models

• Specifically designed for dealing with particular attitude
• Models of displacement of crises.

Lecture 4

Limited models

• Limited throughout history.
• Behavioral model
• Model focuses on the tasks

On limits via depletion:

• Cognitive model
• Cognitive emotional therapy

Cases

• Children
• Disorders
• People with special needs
• Mental

Based on enrichment from theoritical literature and therapy methods

• Comprehensive models
• Social Psychology model
• Family therapy model
• Behavior model Impoverished models:
• Model of relocation of crises
• Model to resolve the problem
• Model of focusing on the job.

Based on spread:

• On an Arabic Level:
  • Social psychological model
• On a Global level:
  • Family therapy model
  • Behavior model
  • Model to displace crises