29 Questions
Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of nitric oxide?
Nitric oxide synthase
What is the primary precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide?
L-arginine
Which molecule can move through the cell membrane fairly easily due to its gaseous nature?
Nitric oxide
What happens to the enzyme responsible for nitric oxide synthesis as a person ages and develops certain diseases?
It becomes dysfunctional
What is the role of nitric oxide in blood vessels?
Activating smooth muscle cells
How does increased production of nitric oxide affect blood pressure?
It reduces blood pressure
Which individuals are likely to have increased plasma nitric oxide biomarkers?
Those with high aerobic fitness
What is the impact of nitric oxide on muscle force production?
It increases muscle force production
What is the impact of exercise on nitric oxide production and glucose uptake?
Exercise increases nitric oxide production and glucose uptake
How is L-arginine related to nitric oxide production?
It is the precursor of nitric oxide
What is the effect of oral L-arginine supplementation at low doses?
It leads to increased plasma [L-arginine]
What was observed in a study on the effect of acute ingestion of 6 g L-arginine for severe-intensity running?
No changes in time-to-exhaustion with L-arginine supplementation
What was the outcome of a study with 6 g of L-arginine or placebo for 3 days on peak or mean power output during cycling exercise?
No effect of L-arginine on power output during cycling exercise
Nitric oxide is formed through an enzyme called nitric oxide synthase and is ______ dependent
oxygen
The enzyme responsible for the formation of nitric oxide starts to become dysfunctional as one ages and starts to develop certain ______
diseases
L-arginine + O2 → (nitric oxide synthase) → nitric oxide + ______
L-citrulline
Nitric oxide can move through the membrane fairly easily because it is a ______ molecule
gaseous
When a blood vessel is exposed to sheer stressed, it activates nitric oxide synthase, which leads to the production of ______, which can diffuse into the smooth muscle cells and cause the process of relaxation
nitric oxide
Increased production of nitric oxide = reduction in blood pressure + may increases blood flow to the organs. Exercise context → opening up the blood vessels (vasodilation) has implications in blood flow (important for oxygen and nutrient delivery, removal of waste products), removal of metabolites that cause fatigue (better recovery). Individuals with cardiovascular issues will often take drugs that will stimulate ______ production
NO
Plasma nitric oxide biomarkers are lowered with ageing and several diseases. Increased in individuals with high aerobic fitness. Muscle force production → excitation-contraction coupling. Can help glucose uptake in an insulin dependant pathway. If you exercise you produce more ______ and hence helps clear some of the glucose into the muscle. Implications for athletes and diabetes
nitric oxide
It is a free radical gas → has a short half-life → it is hard to measure → its oxidation products are measured to asses ______ (e.g., in saliva)
Nitric oxide
Logic → L-arginine is the precursor of ______ hence it will lead to an increased NO which leads to improved performance - Claimed to improve muscle blood flow and hence performance. It is not as simple as it seems
NO
Low doses (< 20 g) of L-arginine are well tolerated with no side effects. Plasma ______ peaks 60-120 min post oral ingestion of 6 g L-arginine (pharmacokinetics) → coincides with the higher levels of l-arginine in the blood
L-arginine
Study → Acute ingestion of 6 g ______ (substrate for NO) ○ Severe-intensity running ○ No changes in time-to-exhaustion with ______ supplementation. Most studies do not observe changes in NO biomarkers following ______ supplementation → mostly looked at single dose, maybe longer supplementation will improve. It is not because ______ is a substrate for an enzyme that you will get an increased flux through the enzyme
L-arginine
Study → 6 g of ______ or placebo for 3 days → expanding the supplementation window to 3 days sis not ○ No effect of ______ on peak or mean power output during 13 repetitions of 20 s all-out cycling, 15 s recovery
L-arginine
Study → 6 g of ______ or placebo for 7 days → No effect of ______ on time-to-exhaustion during severe-intensity cycling exercise. Most studies that have found positive effects of ______ supplementation have Assessed power/strength based exercise ○ Administered ______ with L-glycine → a lot of performance enhanc.
L-arginine
What was observed in a study on the effect of acute ingestion of 6 g ______ for severe-intensity running? No changes in time-to-exhaustion with ______ supplementation
L-arginine
What is the impact of nitric oxide on muscle force production? Can help glucose uptake in an insulin dependant pathway. If you exercise you produce more ______ and hence helps clear some of the glucose into the muscle. Implications for athletes and diabetes
nitric oxide
Which individuals are likely to have increased plasma ______ biomarkers? Increased in individuals with high aerobic fitness
nitric oxide
Test your knowledge on nitric oxide, its physiological, metabolic, and biochemical importance, as well as the metabolism and potential efficacy of dietary nitric oxide precursors such as L-arginine, L-citrulline, and nitrate. Explore the effects of these nutritional precursors on exercise physiology and performance, along with the biochemical mechanisms underlying their potential effects.
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