chapter 4 Mixing #28

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Why do pharmaceutical products rarely contain only one component?

To ensure the dosage form functions as required (correct)

To increase the number of ingredients

To complicate the manufacturing process

To reduce the cost of production

What is needed to produce a tablet dosage form containing an active drug at a dose of 1 mg?

A diluent, binder, disintegrant, and lubricant (correct)

Several inactive components

A preservative and a sweetener

Only the active drug

Which components are necessary for handling a tablet dosage form by the patient?

A disintegrant and a lubricant (correct)

Only the active drug

sweetener

preservative

Why is mixing or blending required in the manufacturing process of pharmaceutical products?

To ensure an even distribution of the active component(s) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the unit operation of mixing in pharmaceutical preparations?

To ensure content uniformity Signup and view all the answers

Why is control of mixing processes considered critical in pharmaceutical manufacturing?

To ensure the quality of pharmaceutical products Signup and view all the answers

pharmaceutical manufacturing, what role does mixing or blending play in dosage form release?

Ensuring the drug is released at the correct site and at the desired rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for mixing or blending in the manufacturing process?

To create a variety of textures Signup and view all the answers

Why is mixing used in the manufacturing process of tablets, capsules, and dry powder inhalers?

To create a homogenous mixture of solid particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mixing in the production of emulsions and creams?

To create a stable, consistent blend of immiscible liquids Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mixing in the unit operation of granulation?

To form agglomerates that improve flow properties Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following products require mixing processes?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are pastes and suspensions?

Dispersions of solid particles Signup and view all the answers

Mixing and control are important in which of the following unit operations?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is important when mixing potent drugs in a powder mix?

Mixing them with a high order Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of over mixing lubricants with granules during tablet production?

Production of weak tablets with increased disintegration time Signup and view all the answers

Why is well-mixed product essential when dispersing two immiscible liquids or dispersing a solid in a liquid?

To ensure product quality/stability Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixtures are formed from materials such as gases or miscible liquids, and tend to approach a perfect mix spontaneously and irreversibly?

Positive mixtures Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials do positive mixtures require for spontaneous and irreversible mixing?

Gases or miscible liquids Signup and view all the answers

In general, do materials which mix by positive mixing present any problems during product manufacture?

No, they do not present any problems Signup and view all the answers

Is an input of energy required with positive mixtures for spontaneous and irreversible mixing if the time available for mixing is unlimited?

No input of energy is required Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of over mixing negative mixtures in pharmaceutical preparations?

The components will tend to separate quickly Signup and view all the answers

All of the following is correct example Negative mixtures except ?

sachet Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is an input of energy required to maintain the components adequately dispersed in a negative mixture?

When the components tend to separate quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is generally a characteristic of negative mixtures compared to positive mixtures in terms of mixing efficiency?

Negative mixtures require a higher degree of mixing efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of neutral mixtures in terms of spontaneous mixing or segregation?

They require energy input to demix Signup and view all the answers

All of the following is FALSE considered an example of a neutral mixture except?

Mixed powders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the behavior of neutral mixtures?

They have no tendency to mix or segregate spontaneously Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following example Neutral mixture ?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

which of the following type of mixture ?

All of the following Signup and view all the answers

All of the following Correct factor can lead to a change in the mixture type except?

Temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is Correct characteristic of a mixture can cause it to change from a negative to a neutral mixture?

increases viscosity Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of perfect mixing?

A state where any sample removed from the mixture will have exactly the same composition as any sample taken from any point of the mixture Signup and view all the answers

What are the terms commonly used interchangeably in the pharmaceutical industry?

Mixing and blending Signup and view all the answers

Process that tends to result in a randomization of dissimilar particles within a system Defintion :

Mixing Signup and view all the answers

All of the following classification of mixing except ?

immiscible solid /semisolid Signup and view all the answers

What may be added to the solids in order to coat or absorb coloring, flavoring, oils, or other solutions?

Liquids Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the solid mixing process in terms of particle characteristics?

Density, porosity, and flow properties Signup and view all the answers

Which operation is performed to combine the active ingredient with binder, fillers, and additives in the manufacture of tablets?

Dry blending Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of adding small amounts of liquid to solids in tablet formulation?

To coat or absorb coloring, flavoring, oils, or other solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an additive used in dry blending?

Emulsifier Signup and view all the answers

How are solids divided based on their flow properties?

Cohesive and non-cohesive Signup and view all the answers

In which case is mixing considered a critical factor?

Low dose drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct type of forces hold neighboring particles in fixed relative position except?

Electromagnetic forces Signup and view all the answers

What results in surface-surface interactions that resist the movement of particles?

Cohesive forces and frictional forces Signup and view all the answers

What type of charges produce particle-particle repulsions during mixing?

Monopolar charges Signup and view all the answers

What should surface forces be during mixing?

Minimal Signup and view all the answers

Which forces hold neighboring particles in fixed relative position?

Inertial forces Signup and view all the answers

These depend on surface area, surface roughness, polarity, charge, moisture (Inertial forces)

True Signup and view all the answers

During mixing, the particles develop surface charge which produce particle particle repulsions (monopolar charges, impossible to mix), which make random mixing impossible

True Signup and view all the answers

What happens when heavy and light density powders are mixed together?

The heavy density moves to the bottom of the vessel Signup and view all the answers

Why is well-mixed product essential when dispersing two immiscible liquids or dispersing a solid in a liquid?

To achieve uniform distribution of components Signup and view all the answers

Gravitational forces : happens when we have heavy and light density together in the same powder mixture.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite effect to mixing, where components tend to separate out?

Segregation Signup and view all the answers

What does segregation cause?

Increase in content variation Signup and view all the answers

How does segregation affect the quality of the mix?

It reduces the quality Signup and view all the answers

Segregation arises because powder mixes encountered in practice are:

contain particles that differ in size, shape, density, and surface properties Signup and view all the answers

What happens to particles with similar properties in a powder bed?

They tend to create higher concentration regions Signup and view all the answers

When is segregation more likely to occur in a powder bed?

When the powder bed is subjected to vibration Signup and view all the answers

In what situations does segregation occur to a greater extent in powder beds?

When particles have higher flowability Signup and view all the answers

What approach involves the selection of particular size fractions of drug and excipients to achieve a narrow particle size range?

Selection of size fractions by sieving Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used to reduce the particle size range by milling components?

Selection of size fractions by sieving Signup and view all the answers

What is the particle size range at which segregation does not tend to cause serious problems?

Approximately 30 μm Signup and view all the answers

What approach involves selecting excipients with a density similar to that of the active component(s)?

Selection of excipients based on density Signup and view all the answers

controlled crystallization during production of the drug/excipients to give components of a particular crystal shape or size range

True Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for the production of an 'ordered' mix?

B+C Both Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is Correct equipment allows for multiple operations without transferring the mix?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How can segregation be minimized during the production of drug/excipients?

Using filling machine hoppers with minimized residence time Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves size enlargement of the powder mix?

Granulation Signup and view all the answers

Which technique should be avoided to reduce vibration or movement?

Pneumatic transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is convective mixing /Macro mixing?

It arises when there is the transfer of relatively large groups of particles from one part of the powder bed to another. Signup and view all the answers

How does shear mixing occur?

It occurs when a layer of material flows over another layer. Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion mixing/Micro mixing?

It occurs when movement of individual particles is required to achieve a true random mix. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixing contributes mainly to the macroscopic mixing of powder mixtures?

Convective mixing Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixing requires extended mixing time to achieve a random mix?

Convective mixing Signup and view all the answers

All of the following Mechanisms of mixing of solids dosage forms except:

sieving Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixing tends to produce a large degree of mixing fairly quickly?

Macroscopic mixing Signup and view all the answers

Macro mixing : Mixing does not, however occur without the group of particles moving together as a unit

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the volume occupied by a powder bed when it is forced to move or flow?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixing can occur under both gravitational forces and forced movement?

Diffusive mixing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is Correct In the solid solid mixing operations steps are involves:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of acceptable mixing?

A+B Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of Ordered mixing:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors influences mixing?

A+B Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the difference in particle sizes have on the mixing of solids?

It causes segregation due to small particles falling through the voids between larger particles Signup and view all the answers

How does the difference in densities among mixed particles affect the mixing process?

It causes segregation, with heavy particles settling down and light ones rising up Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is Correct one way to reduce the effect of electrostatic charges during mixing except?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What type of mixtures are powders and granulations that do not require substantial shear to be mixed?

Free flowing materials Signup and view all the answers

Which process risk is often caused by segregation within the blender or after blender discharge when dealing with free flowing materials?

Segregation risk Signup and view all the answers

What factor limits the mixing rate of free flowing materials?

Amount of material that crosses from one side of the symmetry plane to the other Signup and view all the answers

Free flowing materials :are powders and granulations in which interparticle cohesive forces are small enough for particles to move individually.( No electrostatic or hygroscopic No agglomeration)

True Signup and view all the answers

chapter 4 Mixing #28

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Questions and Answers

Why do pharmaceutical products rarely contain only one component?

What is needed to produce a tablet dosage form containing an active drug at a dose of 1 mg?

Which components are necessary for handling a tablet dosage form by the patient?

Why is mixing or blending required in the manufacturing process of pharmaceutical products?

What is the primary purpose of the unit operation of mixing in pharmaceutical preparations?

Why is control of mixing processes considered critical in pharmaceutical manufacturing?

pharmaceutical manufacturing, what role does mixing or blending play in dosage form release?

Which of the following is NOT a reason for mixing or blending in the manufacturing process?

Why is mixing used in the manufacturing process of tablets, capsules, and dry powder inhalers?

What is the primary purpose of mixing in the production of emulsions and creams?

What is the purpose of mixing in the unit operation of granulation?

Which of the following products require mixing processes?

What are pastes and suspensions?

Mixing and control are important in which of the following unit operations?

What is important when mixing potent drugs in a powder mix?

What is the potential consequence of over mixing lubricants with granules during tablet production?

Why is well-mixed product essential when dispersing two immiscible liquids or dispersing a solid in a liquid?

Which type of mixtures are formed from materials such as gases or miscible liquids, and tend to approach a perfect mix spontaneously and irreversibly?

What type of materials do positive mixtures require for spontaneous and irreversible mixing?

In general, do materials which mix by positive mixing present any problems during product manufacture?

Is an input of energy required with positive mixtures for spontaneous and irreversible mixing if the time available for mixing is unlimited?

What is a potential consequence of over mixing negative mixtures in pharmaceutical preparations?

All of the following is correct example Negative mixtures except ?

In which situation is an input of energy required to maintain the components adequately dispersed in a negative mixture?

What is generally a characteristic of negative mixtures compared to positive mixtures in terms of mixing efficiency?

What is a characteristic of neutral mixtures in terms of spontaneous mixing or segregation?

All of the following is FALSE considered an example of a neutral mixture except?

Which of the following best describes the behavior of neutral mixtures?

Which of the following example Neutral mixture ?

which of the following type of mixture ?

All of the following Correct factor can lead to a change in the mixture type except?

Which of the following is Correct characteristic of a mixture can cause it to change from a negative to a neutral mixture?

What is the definition of perfect mixing?

What are the terms commonly used interchangeably in the pharmaceutical industry?

Process that tends to result in a randomization of dissimilar particles within a system Defintion :

All of the following classification of mixing except ?

What may be added to the solids in order to coat or absorb coloring, flavoring, oils, or other solutions?

What contributes to the solid mixing process in terms of particle characteristics?

Which operation is performed to combine the active ingredient with binder, fillers, and additives in the manufacture of tablets?

What is the primary purpose of adding small amounts of liquid to solids in tablet formulation?

Which of the following is NOT an example of an additive used in dry blending?

How are solids divided based on their flow properties?

In which case is mixing considered a critical factor?

Which of the following is correct type of forces hold neighboring particles in fixed relative position except?

What results in surface-surface interactions that resist the movement of particles?

What type of charges produce particle-particle repulsions during mixing?

What should surface forces be during mixing?

Which forces hold neighboring particles in fixed relative position?

These depend on surface area, surface roughness, polarity, charge, moisture (Inertial forces)

During mixing, the particles develop surface charge which produce particle particle repulsions (monopolar charges, impossible to mix), which make random mixing impossible

What happens when heavy and light density powders are mixed together?

Why is well-mixed product essential when dispersing two immiscible liquids or dispersing a solid in a liquid?

Gravitational forces : happens when we have heavy and light density together in the same powder mixture.

What is the opposite effect to mixing, where components tend to separate out?

What does segregation cause?

How does segregation affect the quality of the mix?

Segregation arises because powder mixes encountered in practice are:

What happens to particles with similar properties in a powder bed?

When is segregation more likely to occur in a powder bed?

In what situations does segregation occur to a greater extent in powder beds?

What approach involves the selection of particular size fractions of drug and excipients to achieve a narrow particle size range?

Which method can be used to reduce the particle size range by milling components?

What is the particle size range at which segregation does not tend to cause serious problems?

What approach involves selecting excipients with a density similar to that of the active component(s)?

controlled crystallization during production of the drug/excipients to give components of a particular crystal shape or size range

What is another term for the production of an 'ordered' mix?

Which of the following is Correct equipment allows for multiple operations without transferring the mix?

How can segregation be minimized during the production of drug/excipients?

Which process involves size enlargement of the powder mix?

Which technique should be avoided to reduce vibration or movement?

What is convective mixing /Macro mixing?

How does shear mixing occur?

What is diffusion mixing/Micro mixing?

Which type of mixing contributes mainly to the macroscopic mixing of powder mixtures?

Which type of mixing requires extended mixing time to achieve a random mix?

All of the following Mechanisms of mixing of solids dosage forms except: