chapter 4 Mixing #28
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Questions and Answers

Why do pharmaceutical products rarely contain only one component?

  • To ensure the dosage form functions as required (correct)
  • To increase the number of ingredients
  • To complicate the manufacturing process
  • To reduce the cost of production

    • What is needed to produce a tablet dosage form containing an active drug at a dose of 1 mg?

  • A diluent, binder, disintegrant, and lubricant (correct)
  • Several inactive components
  • A preservative and a sweetener
  • Only the active drug

    • Which components are necessary for handling a tablet dosage form by the patient?

  • A disintegrant and a lubricant (correct)
  • Only the active drug
  • sweetener
  • preservative

    • Why is mixing or blending required in the manufacturing process of pharmaceutical products?

    <p>To ensure an even distribution of the active component(s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the unit operation of mixing in pharmaceutical preparations?

    <p>To ensure content uniformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is control of mixing processes considered critical in pharmaceutical manufacturing?

    <p>To ensure the quality of pharmaceutical products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    pharmaceutical manufacturing, what role does mixing or blending play in dosage form release?

    <p>Ensuring the drug is released at the correct site and at the desired rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for mixing or blending in the manufacturing process?

    <p>To create a variety of textures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is mixing used in the manufacturing process of tablets, capsules, and dry powder inhalers?

    <p>To create a homogenous mixture of solid particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mixing in the production of emulsions and creams?

    <p>To create a stable, consistent blend of immiscible liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mixing in the unit operation of granulation?

    <p>To form agglomerates that improve flow properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following products require mixing processes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pastes and suspensions?

    <p>Dispersions of solid particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mixing and control are important in which of the following unit operations?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important when mixing potent drugs in a powder mix?

    <p>Mixing them with a high order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of over mixing lubricants with granules during tablet production?

    <p>Production of weak tablets with increased disintegration time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is well-mixed product essential when dispersing two immiscible liquids or dispersing a solid in a liquid?

    <p>To ensure product quality/stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mixtures are formed from materials such as gases or miscible liquids, and tend to approach a perfect mix spontaneously and irreversibly?

    <p>Positive mixtures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials do positive mixtures require for spontaneous and irreversible mixing?

    <p>Gases or miscible liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In general, do materials which mix by positive mixing present any problems during product manufacture?

    <p>No, they do not present any problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is an input of energy required with positive mixtures for spontaneous and irreversible mixing if the time available for mixing is unlimited?

    <p>No input of energy is required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of over mixing negative mixtures in pharmaceutical preparations?

    <p>The components will tend to separate quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following is correct example Negative mixtures except ?

    <p>sachet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is an input of energy required to maintain the components adequately dispersed in a negative mixture?

    <p>When the components tend to separate quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generally a characteristic of negative mixtures compared to positive mixtures in terms of mixing efficiency?

    <p>Negative mixtures require a higher degree of mixing efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of neutral mixtures in terms of spontaneous mixing or segregation?

    <p>They require energy input to demix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following is FALSE considered an example of a neutral mixture except?

    <p>Mixed powders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the behavior of neutral mixtures?

    <p>They have no tendency to mix or segregate spontaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following example Neutral mixture ?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of the following type of mixture ?

    <p>All of the following</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following Correct factor can lead to a change in the mixture type except?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is Correct characteristic of a mixture can cause it to change from a negative to a neutral mixture?

    <p>increases viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of perfect mixing?

    <p>A state where any sample removed from the mixture will have exactly the same composition as any sample taken from any point of the mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the terms commonly used interchangeably in the pharmaceutical industry?

    <p>Mixing and blending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Process that tends to result in a randomization of dissimilar particles within a system Defintion :

    <p>Mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following classification of mixing except ?

    <p>immiscible solid /semisolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be added to the solids in order to coat or absorb coloring, flavoring, oils, or other solutions?

    <p>Liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the solid mixing process in terms of particle characteristics?

    <p>Density, porosity, and flow properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation is performed to combine the active ingredient with binder, fillers, and additives in the manufacture of tablets?

    <p>Dry blending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of adding small amounts of liquid to solids in tablet formulation?

    <p>To coat or absorb coloring, flavoring, oils, or other solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of an additive used in dry blending?

    <p>Emulsifier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are solids divided based on their flow properties?

    <p>Cohesive and non-cohesive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which case is mixing considered a critical factor?

    <p>Low dose drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct type of forces hold neighboring particles in fixed relative position except?

    <p>Electromagnetic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in surface-surface interactions that resist the movement of particles?

    <p>Cohesive forces and frictional forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of charges produce particle-particle repulsions during mixing?

    <p>Monopolar charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should surface forces be during mixing?

    <p>Minimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which forces hold neighboring particles in fixed relative position?

    <p>Inertial forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    These depend on surface area, surface roughness, polarity, charge, moisture (Inertial forces)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During mixing, the particles develop surface charge which produce particle particle repulsions (monopolar charges, impossible to mix), which make random mixing impossible

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when heavy and light density powders are mixed together?

    <p>The heavy density moves to the bottom of the vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is well-mixed product essential when dispersing two immiscible liquids or dispersing a solid in a liquid?

    <p>To achieve uniform distribution of components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gravitational forces : happens when we have heavy and light density together in the same powder mixture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite effect to mixing, where components tend to separate out?

    <p>Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does segregation cause?

    <p>Increase in content variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does segregation affect the quality of the mix?

    <p>It reduces the quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Segregation arises because powder mixes encountered in practice are:

    <p>contain particles that differ in size, shape, density, and surface properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to particles with similar properties in a powder bed?

    <p>They tend to create higher concentration regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is segregation more likely to occur in a powder bed?

    <p>When the powder bed is subjected to vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations does segregation occur to a greater extent in powder beds?

    <p>When particles have higher flowability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach involves the selection of particular size fractions of drug and excipients to achieve a narrow particle size range?

    <p>Selection of size fractions by sieving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to reduce the particle size range by milling components?

    <p>Selection of size fractions by sieving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the particle size range at which segregation does not tend to cause serious problems?

    <p>Approximately 30 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach involves selecting excipients with a density similar to that of the active component(s)?

    <p>Selection of excipients based on density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    controlled crystallization during production of the drug/excipients to give components of a particular crystal shape or size range

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for the production of an 'ordered' mix?

    <p>B+C Both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is Correct equipment allows for multiple operations without transferring the mix?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can segregation be minimized during the production of drug/excipients?

    <p>Using filling machine hoppers with minimized residence time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves size enlargement of the powder mix?

    <p>Granulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique should be avoided to reduce vibration or movement?

    <p>Pneumatic transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is convective mixing /Macro mixing?

    <p>It arises when there is the transfer of relatively large groups of particles from one part of the powder bed to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does shear mixing occur?

    <p>It occurs when a layer of material flows over another layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diffusion mixing/Micro mixing?

    <p>It occurs when movement of individual particles is required to achieve a true random mix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mixing contributes mainly to the macroscopic mixing of powder mixtures?

    <p>Convective mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    1. Which type of mixing requires extended mixing time to achieve a random mix?

    <p>Convective mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following Mechanisms of mixing of solids dosage forms except:

    <p>sieving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mixing tends to produce a large degree of mixing fairly quickly?

    <p>Macroscopic mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macro mixing : Mixing does not, however occur without the group of particles moving together as a unit

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the volume occupied by a powder bed when it is forced to move or flow?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mixing can occur under both gravitational forces and forced movement?

    <p>Diffusive mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is Correct In the solid solid mixing operations steps are involves:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of acceptable mixing?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of Ordered mixing:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influences mixing?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the difference in particle sizes have on the mixing of solids?

    <p>It causes segregation due to small particles falling through the voids between larger particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the difference in densities among mixed particles affect the mixing process?

    <p>It causes segregation, with heavy particles settling down and light ones rising up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is Correct one way to reduce the effect of electrostatic charges during mixing except?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mixtures are powders and granulations that do not require substantial shear to be mixed?

    <p>Free flowing materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process risk is often caused by segregation within the blender or after blender discharge when dealing with free flowing materials?

    <p>Segregation risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor limits the mixing rate of free flowing materials?

    <p>Amount of material that crosses from one side of the symmetry plane to the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Free flowing materials :are powders and granulations in which interparticle cohesive forces are small enough for particles to move individually.( No electrostatic or hygroscopic No agglomeration)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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