Free Flowing Solids Dosage Form Quiz +2
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Questions and Answers

When do cohesive effects grow larger?

  • When particles become larger
  • When particles become smaller (correct)
  • When ingredients separate
  • When agglomeration is prevented

    • What is a common problem in direct compression applications?

  • Cohesive effects (correct)
  • Electrostatic charging
  • Separation of ingredients
  • Use of smaller particles

    • What ingredient typically shows a tendency to agglomerate?

  • The API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) (correct)
  • The excipient
  • The binder
  • The filler

    • Which of the following is one mechanisms drive the dynamic formation of agglomerates in a blender except:

    <p>Chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another mechanism that can lead to the development of solid or capillary bridges between ingredients?

    <p>Moisture transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of materials can sequester moisture from other ingredients?

    <p>Hygroscopic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ingredient can be used to soften low melting point ingredients in the blender?

    <p>Magnesium Stearate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of the following is correct type of solids are considered free flowing ?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equipment is suitable for cohesive solids?

    <p>B+C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Batch type(small scale): Ribbon blender, Sigma blender, Planetary paddle, Fluidized mixer

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Continuous type(large scale): barrel type, zigzag type

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common range of rotation speed for a tumbler mixer?

    <p>30-100 rpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equipments is used for free flowing solids dosage form?

    <p>Tumblers or cylindrical blenders with NO mixing blade (i.e. no shear force)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects the efficiency of a tumbler mixer?

    <p>The speed of rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended speed of rotation for optimal mixing?

    <p>Critical and optimum rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a rapid rotation speed in a tumbler mixer result in?

    <p>More dusting and segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct a slow rotation speed in a tumbler mixer result in?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tumblers : Mixing is done by tumbling motion, which is emphasized by feature of the shape of the container.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is a V cone blender made of?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of a V cone blender?

    <p>V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of the total volume is loaded with material in a twin shell blender?

    <p>50-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rotation speed of small models (20 kg) of a twin shell blender?

    <p>35 rpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rotation speed of large models (1 ton) of a twin shell blender?

    <p>15 rpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motion does the material undergo as the blender rotates?

    <p>Tumbling motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the V shape of the blender is reversed?

    <p>A+C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a double cone blender?

    <p>A blender with two cones on a rotating shaft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended range of rotation speed for a double cone blender?

    <p>30-100 rpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of motion is responsible for mixing in a double cone blender?

    <p>Tumbling motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials is a double cone blender usually efficient for mixing?

    <p>Powders of different densities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about a double cone blender?

    <p>Material is loaded and emptying is done through different ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the rate of rotation in a double cone blender?

    <p>The rate of rotation should be optimum based on factors like size, shape, and material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Double cone blender is usually used for small amount of powders.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of using a twin shell blender?

    <p>It requires high headspace for installation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blender is suitable for blending fragile granules with minimum attrition?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of V cone blender and double cone blenders?

    <p>They handle large capacities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is Correct advantages Advantages of V cone blender and double cone blenders:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct Disadvantages of V cone blender and double cone blenders:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following is correct Advantages of tumblers with blades except :

    <p>Cleaning may be a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct Disdvantages of tumblers with blades except :

    <p>Serial dilution is not needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motion is responsible for mixing in a ribbon blender?

    <p>Shear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the construction of a ribbon blender?

    <p>Horizontal cylindrical trough with two helical blades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high shear rates in cohesive solids dosage forms?

    <p>A+C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended loading and emptying method for a ribbon blender?

    <p>Top loading and bottom port emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blender design is described as efficient and cost effective for dry mixing?

    <p>Ribbon blender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of blender is liquid addition best accomplished through the use of spray nozzles installed in a spray bar located just above the agitator?

    <p>Ribbon blender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For blends that require a gentler mixing action, which type of agitator can be utilized in the same trough as the ribbons?

    <p>Paddle agitator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ribbon Blender : ribbons rotate with tip speeds of approximately 200 rpm

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are true uses of a ribbon blender?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of a ribbon blender?

    <p>It has fixed speed drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a ribbon blender achieve high shear?

    <p>By using perforated baffles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shearing action like in a ribbon blender compared to a planetary mixer?

    <p>Less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of a ribbon blender?

    <p>Perforated baffles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motion does a sigma blade mixer create?

    <p>Shearing action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using perforated blades in a sigma blade mixer?

    <p>To break lumps and aggregates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a rapid rotation speed in a tumbler mixer?

    <p>High shear forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the construction of a sigma blade mixer?

    <p>Double tough shaped stationary bowl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sigma shaped blades are fitted horizontally in each tough of the bowl?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is sigma blades the mixer loaded and unloaded ?

    <p>b. Loaded from the top and unloaded Mixer is loaded from top and unloaded by tilting the entire bowl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of a sigma blade mixer?

    <p>Liquid-solid mixing in tablet manufacturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct advantage sigma blade mixer ?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whhich of the foillowing is a disadvantage of a sigma blade mixer?

    <p>fixed speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sigma blade mixer suitable for in terms of drug properties?

    <p>Highly potent drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle mechanism of mixing in a planetary mixer?

    <p>Shearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the construction feature that allows powder to make an upward movement in a planetary mixer?

    <p>Sloped blades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the mixing shaft in a planetary mixer?

    <p>Planetary gear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motion is responsible for mixing in a planetary mixer?

    <p>Double rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the mixing blade of a planetary mixer set?

    <p>Off center and rotating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drive is usually used for the mixing shaft in a planetary mixer?

    <p>Variable speed drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct using a planetary mixer?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Planetary mixer Consists of vertical cylinder shell which can be removed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of a planetary mixer?

    <p>The speed of rotation can be varied at will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common disadvantage of a planetary mixer?

    <p>It generates excessive mechanical heat within the powder mix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following is a disadvantage of a planetary mixer except?

    <p>More useful for wet granulation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Planetary mixer Break down agglomerates (due to hygroscopicity or electrical charge) rapidly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle mechanism of mixing in an air mixer or fluidized mixer?

    <p>Tumbling action and spiral movements caused by the movement of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the construction material typically used for an air mixer or fluidized mixer?

    <p>Stainless steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials are not suitable for mixing in an air mixer or fluidized mixer?

    <p>Light density materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which materials are suitable for mixing in an air mixer or fluidized mixer?

    <p>Cohesive materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the air circulate in an air mixer or fluidized mixer?

    <p>It is circulated using a fan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is advantage of a fluidized mixer ?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind a barrel-type continuous mixer?

    <p>The shell rotates to keep the material under tumbling motion in 3D motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of material is not shear ,not suitable for a barrel-type continuous mixer? a.

    <p>Cohesive material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct Barrel type continuous mixer are bafflees used for in construction?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is wet mixing commonly used in the production of tablets and capsules?

    <p>In the granulation step</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dry mixing primarily used for?

    <p>Mixing powders ready for compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following dosage forms involve dry blending of powders except?

    <p>Soft drinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Liquid mixing is not used in the production of injectable solutions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct Fluids mixing:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why mixing is important in the pharmaceutical industry?

    <p>To rapidly homogenize components in single phase systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an extremely common operation in the pharmaceutical industry?

    <p>Mixing of fluids with other media(solids, liquids)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct pharmaceutical processes require or are greatly enhanced :

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does single phase mixing refer to?

    <p>Mixing of miscible fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for single phase mixing?

    <p>Blending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does multiphase mixing refer to?

    <p>Mixing of immiscible fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of multiphase mixing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bulk transport?

    <p>The movement of large portions of a material from one location to another in a given system using rotating blades and paddles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is turbulent mixing?

    <p>Mixing of fluids due to random fluctuation of the fluid velocity at any given point within the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does laminar mixing occur?

    <p>Mixing of two dissimilar liquids through laminar flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is molecular diffusion?

    <p>Mixing at a molecular level in which molecules diffuse due to thermal motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does turbulent flow occur?

    <p>Through turbulent flow in three directions (X, Y, and Z)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tangential component or circular flow pattern during mixing?

    <p>Flowing in a circular path around the impeller shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is excessive radial component during mixing?

    <p>Material falls to the bottom of the container and rotates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the shaft is placed vertically and centrally with tangential flow during mixing?

    <p>It creates a vortex in the liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the radial component flow pattern during mixing?

    <p>Acts in the direction vertical to the impeller shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the (Axial component or longitudinal or vertical )flow pattern during mixing?

    <p>Acts in the direction parallel to the impeller shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inadequate longitudinal component affect the mixing process?

    <p>It causes the liquid and solid to rotate in layers without mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the adequate longitudinal pattern best used during mixing?

    <p>When suspending solids are present in a liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are baffles typically used?

    <p>A+C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baffles are not used in laminar flow (high viscosity fluids)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flow is characterized by parallel layers?

    <p>Laminar flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for laminar flow?

    <p>Streamline flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flow has the absence of disruption between fluid layers?

    <p>Laminar flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of mixing devices classified based on shape and pitch?

    <p>Propellers, turbines, and paddles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different flow patterns during mixing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many blades does a propeller usually have in liquid ?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a propeller's blades are right or left handed?

    <p>The slant of the blades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are two or more propellers used?

    <p>In deep tanks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of a propeller?

    <p>Axial flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size of a propeller?

    <p>More than 0.5 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct Advantages of propellers:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum viscosity for effective propeller use?

    <p>2.0 pascals.sec</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Propellers are ineffective with liquids of viscosity greater than:

    <p>5 pascal.second.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of liquid are propellers ineffective with? a.

    <p>Glycerin Castor oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the diameter of the turbine range from?

    <p>30-50% of the vessel's diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Turbines rotate at a higher speed than propellers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flow does a flat blade turbine produce as the speed increases?

    <p>Axial flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Shear produced by turbines can be increased using a diffuser ring

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What passes through the perforations in a diffuser ring?

    <p>Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observed in the impeller zone of rapid currents? d. Smooth flow

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical speed range of turbines?

    <p>50-200 rpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape can the blades of a turbine be?

    <p>Straight or curved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a diffuser ring?

    <p>To enhance shear forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of turbines?

    <p>They give greater shearing forces than propellers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Turbines are effective for which type of solutions?

    <p>Solutions with 7.0 Pascal-second viscosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do turbines do in low viscous materials of large volumes?

    <p>Create strong currents and destroy stagnant pockets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of solids can turbines handle in slurries?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are turbines suitable for liquids?

    <p>When the tank is baffled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about turbines is NOT true?

    <p>Turbines are not suitable for liquids of large volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a paddle consist of?

    <p>b. A central hub with long flat blades attached vertically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape can the blades of a paddle be?

    <p>c. Hemispherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what speed do paddles rotate?

    <p>100 rpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do paddles push the liquid?

    <p>B+C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At low speeds, what type of agitation do paddles provide in unbaffled tanks?

    <p>Mild agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paddles :At very low speeds it gives mild agitation in unbaffled tank but as for high speeds baffles are necessary

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vortex formation is NOT possible with paddle impellers because of:

    <p>Low speed mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of paddles?

    <p>Poor mixing of the suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause the formation of a vortex near the impeller shaft?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vortex formation reduces mixing intensity by:

    <p>Decreasing the velocity of the impeller relative to the surrounding fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a vortex reaches the impeller, what happens?

    <p>Air from the surface of the liquid is drawn in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can entrapped air in the fluid cause in certain cases?

    <p>Oxidation of substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can air bubbles in the fluid affect the loading of the impeller blades?

    <p>They can make the loading uneven.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position of the impeller can help avoid symmetry and prevent vortex formation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using baffled containers, how should the impeller be mounted?

    <p>Vertically at the center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the push and pull mechanism in preventing vortex formation?

    <p>It creates a zone of high turbulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shapes are used to prevent vortex formation?

    <p>Cylindrical shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of draft tubes?

    <p>To control the direction and velocity of the flow to the impeller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are draft tubes mounted in case of turbines?

    <p>Above the impeller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some uses of draft tubes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of draft tubes?

    <p>They add to fluid friction in the system and reduce the rate of flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inserting a draft tube in a tank?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TRUE OR FALSE When solid particles tend to float on the surface of the liquid, they are dispersed using draft tubes

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a material-related factor : (physical properties )that influences the choice of mixers in tanks

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an equipment-related factor that influences the choice of mixers?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an process -related factor that influences the choice of mixers?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following is correct Equipment for Liquid mixing except :

    <p>Vortex flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of an air jet mixer?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the construction method used for an air jet mixer?

    <p>Passing compressed air at high pressure from the bottom inlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of liquids are recommended for mixing by an air jet mixer?

    <p>Low viscosity, non-foaming, non-reactive with gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many jets are typically arranged radially in a cluster in the center of a jet mixing system?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the cluster of jets in an jet mixer?

    <p>Eddy jet mixer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a suction chamber in an individual jet?

    <p>the two concentric nozzles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what velocity does the pressurized fluid typically flow through the primary nozzle for low shear mixing?

    <p>6-10 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the jet mixer described ?

    <p>To create a suction to draw fluid from the tank into chamber and mix it intensely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What velocity range is typically used for high shear mixing in the jet mixer?

    <p>16-20 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the plume formed by the jet mixer primarily do?

    <p>It imparts energy to the surrounding fluid, causing circulation and mixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the primary nozzles in the jet mixer?

    <p>To pump the tank contents of the top of the mixer to the primary nozzles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pump is typically used to supply the liquid to be mixed?

    <p>Centrifugal pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The range of applications for liquid jet mixers is only limited by the viscosity of the liquid to be mixed

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the situations in which jet mixers are used?

    <p>A+C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluids are jet mixers most efficient for?

    <p>a. Liquids and Slurries with viscosities below 1,000 cP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is generally more efficient for higher viscosity fluids?

    <p>Mechanical agitators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of dosage form that requires liquid mixing?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following is correct influence the actual flow of heat through the film except:

    <p>high local shear rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the heat transfer film when the liquid movement becomes faster?

    <p>The film becomes thinner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the moving liquid in a vessel establish on the surface of the heat transfer barrier?

    <p>A heat transfer film coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the vessel is used for circulating heating and cooling fluid?

    <p>Jacket exterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a stage in the preparation of fine emulsion?

    <p>Coarse emulsion preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equipment can be used to prepare a coarse emulsion?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    manufacturing of emulsions Also known as homogenizer as it results in fine emulsion

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flow properties of liquids can be categorized as:

    <p>Newtonian, plastic, pseudo plastic, or dilatant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the selection of an emulsifier?

    <p>Desired rate of heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Silverson mixer emulsifier produce intense shearing forces?

    <p>By using high-speed rotors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the circulation of material in the Silverson mixer emulsifier?

    <p>To break down the dispersed liquid into smaller globules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does circulation of material take place in the Silverson mixer emulsifier?

    <p>Through the suction produced in the inlet at the bottom of the head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the central portion of the Silverson mixer emulsifier consist of?

    <p>d. A shaft connected to the motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the blades in the Silverson mixer emulsifier?

    <p>A cover with openings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Silverson® mixer used for?

    <p>Preparing emulsions and creams of fine particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silverson® mixer is commonly used for which type of liquid?

    <p>Immiscible liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of the Silverson® mixer?

    <p>There is a chance of clogging of pores of the mesh occasionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct advantages of the Silverson® mixer?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a colloid mill used for?

    <p>B+C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a colloid mill work on the rotor-stator?

    <p>By forming a dispersion of materials in a liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the material used to construct the rotor and stator in a colloid mill?

    <p>Toughened steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a colloid mill, where does the shearing action take place?

    <p>Between the rotating cone and the static cone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors affect the size of the final product obtained after comminution?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of a colloid mill?

    <p>Preparing suspensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of a colloid mill?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of the following is correct is one advantage of colloid mills?

    <p>wide range of use,simply constructed,easily adjusted,easy to clean,High capacity and minimal requirements and Reduced wear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmaceutical nano emulsions can be administered through which routes?

    <p>Parenteral, ocular, nasal, oral, topical, and even aerosolization to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of emulsion is commonly used as an intravenous source of fatty acids in the pharmaceutical industry?

    <p>Oil in water emulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nano emulsions used for in the pharmaceutical industry?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a liquid when it is subjected to ultrasonic vibrations?

    <p>Alternate regions of compression and rarefaction are produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the ultrasonic emulsifier?

    <p>Cavities are formed in the regions of compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ultrasonic emulsifier is connected to the inlet and outlet tubes?

    <p>Pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the thin blade in the ultrasonic emulsifier do?

    <p>Vibrates at its natural frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of using a rapisonic emulsifier?

    <p>Can only be used for low viscosity liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct advantage of using a Rapisonic emulsifier?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following is correct advantage of using a Rapisonic emulsifier?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following is correct examples of semisolid dosage forms except?

    <p>Tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property do some semisolids exhibit when it comes to viscosity and shear rates?

    <p>The viscosity increases with increasing shear rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when mechanical energy is applied to the material during mixing?

    <p>Some energy is converted to heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speed must be changed accordingly to thixotropic, plastic and pseudo plastic materials.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mixing of semisolids :The mixing action include combination of low speed shear, smearing, wiping, folding, stretching and compressing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an agitator mixer?

    <p>b+c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mixer is used for shearing materials?

    <p>B+D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following is correct Selection of mixing equipment for semi solids except:

    <p>Air jet mixer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a triple roller mill?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the rollers of a triple roller mill made of?

    <p>Stainless steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which roller of a triple roller mill rotates at the highest speed?

    <p>Third roller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about three roll mills?

    <p>They are suitable for processing both small and large quantities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct Advantages of triple roller mill :

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cohesive Effects and Compression Applications

    • Cohesive effects increase significantly when materials have high moisture content or when they are highly elastic.
    • A common issue in direct compression applications is the tendency of some powders to agglomerate, which can lead to uneven mixing and dosage inaccuracies.
    • Ingredients like sugars and certain polymers typically show a tendency to agglomerate during mixing.

    Agglomeration Mechanisms

    • Dynamic formation of agglomerates can be driven by mechanisms such as mechanical shear, friction, or electrostatic forces, but not by simple gravitational forces.
    • Capillary bridges between ingredients can form as a result of moisture absorption, creating additional cohesion.
    • Hydrophilic materials can sequester moisture from other ingredients, which can aggravate agglomeration.

    Blending Equipment and Techniques

    • Common equipment for cohesive solids includes ribbon blenders, sigma blenders, planetary paddles, and fluidized mixers in batch applications, while barrel and zigzag types serve continuous processing.
    • Tumbler mixers typically operate within a rotation speed range of about 20-60 RPM for effective mixing.
    • Efficient tumbler mixer operation depends on factors such as the load volume, the materials being mixed, and the mixer design.

    Blender Specifications

    • V cone and double cone blenders have a conical shape aiding in bulk mixing and powder flow.
    • Twin shell blenders can hold about 40-70% of their total volume for effective mixing.
    • Small twin shell blenders (20 kg) rotate at approximately 30 RPM, whereas larger versions (1 ton) may rotate at 15 RPM.

    Mixing Mechanisms

    • Mixing in a ribbon blender occurs through the motion of ribbons that move material in different directions.
    • Sigma blade mixers have perforated blades to enhance mixing and reduce dead zones within the mixer.
    • Planetary mixers create an upward movement of powder through their unique construction, utilizing vertical and horizontal mixing motions.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Mixers

    • V cone and double cone blenders are known for gentle mixing of fragile powders to minimize attrition.
    • Ribbon blenders are cost-effective for dry mixing but can have drawbacks such as incomplete mixing in some cases.
    • A major advantage of planetary mixers is their ability to break down agglomerates quickly, although their design may limit batch sizes and mixing speed options.

    Mixers in Liquid and Dry Processes

    • Fluidized mixers leverage air circulation to lift and suspend powders for even blending, while avoiding shear-sensitive materials.
    • Liquid mixing is crucial in the production of injectable solutions, where uniformity is critical.
    • Dry blending is essential for maintaining uniformity in tablet and capsule formulations, with liquid mixing commonly required for final product consistency.

    Mixing Principles in Pharmaceutical Processes

    • Single phase mixing refers to the homogenous blending of materials in one state, while multiphase mixing deals with different states (solid, liquid, gas).
    • Turbulent mixing creates a vigorous flow that enhances material interaction, while laminar mixing occurs in layers with minimal disruption.
    • Molecular diffusion is critical in achieving uniformity across mixed materials, driven by concentration gradients.

    Importance of Mixing in the Pharmaceutical Industry

    • Mixing is fundamental for ensuring dose uniformity and active ingredient distribution in pharmaceuticals, highlighting its critical role in manufacturing processes.

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    Test your knowledge about tumblers or cylindrical blenders used for free flowing solids dosage forms, including their equipment and efficiency factors.

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