Harlem: Capital of the Black World
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Questions and Answers

What made Harlem stand out from other 'colored districts' of American cities?

  • The thriving brothels and cabarets
  • The presence of black musicians and entertainers
  • Its historic significance as a symbol of the Afro-American's coming of age (correct)
  • Its association with the minstrel tradition

    • What was the significance of Ike Hines's place on West 35th Street?

  • It was a hub for black musicians and entertainers (correct)
  • It was a notorious brothel and cabaret
  • It attracted scores of white pleasure-seekers
  • It was the origin of the minstrel tradition

    • What role did the respectable white citizenry play in 'darktowns' like Harlem?

  • They supported black musicians and entertainers
  • They sought material for blackfaced theatrical acts
  • They indulged in extra-legal activities shielded from police harassment (correct)
  • They sought pleasure in brothels and cabarets

    • What made Harlem symbolize the Afro-American's coming of age?

    <p>The time and circumstances of its creation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ike Hines's place on West 35th Street attract?

    <p>White pleasure-seekers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common feature of 'darktowns' like Harlem before World War I?

    <p>Community indulgence in spicy activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city did James Weldon Johnson move to in 1914?

    <p>Harlem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did James Weldon Johnson become the first Negro executive secretary of the NAACP?

    <p>Jacksonville</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leader criticized Booker T. Washington's emphasis on industrial and agricultural training?

    <p>DuBois</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did DuBois bring together militant black intellectuals in a conference in 1905?

    <p>Buffalo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did DuBois grow up?

    <p>Massachusetts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which city did Johnson see racial dynamics differently in the early 1900s?

    <p>Jacksonville</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Johnson marry a Brooklyn girl?

    <p>New York City</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did DuBois teach at Negro colleges before moving to Europe for further study?

    <p>Massachusetts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Johnson become one of the first Negroes to buy a home in Harlem?

    <p>1920s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which university did James Weldon Johnson receive his degrees?

    <p>Fisk University and Harvard University</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did DuBois signal the break from Washington's leadership and the emergence of a new generation of black activists?

    <p>Buffalo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city was the center of Negro entertainment and nightlife in 1914?

    <p>Harlem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompted James Weldon Johnson to leave the consular service?

    <p>Limited opportunities for Negroes in the foreign service under liberal circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for Harlem becoming a major black community in the early 20th century?

    <p>Poverty and racial bigotry in the South.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did Black soldiers returning from World War I have on Harlem?

    <p>Reinforced the sense of self-determination and the potential for a capital for the race.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Harlem attract many black intellectuals, activists, and artists?

    <p>Seeking a wider audience, personal and racial success, and a place to crystallize the best achievements of colored people into the race's positive future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change led to James Weldon Johnson's decision to leave the consular service?

    <p>The political change that brought the Democrats to power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did James Weldon Johnson mark by moving to Harlem in 1914?

    <p>A final commitment to a life's work as an intellectual and organizer for the Afro-American cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What made Harlem a significant urban black community in the most urbane American city?

    <p>The rapid growth of urban black community in Harlem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inspired Louise Thompson to join the new postwar generation of Negro intellectuals in Harlem?

    <p>Her desire to find a sense of race identity and assert it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Regina Andrews play in Harlem?

    <p>She served as a salon hostess and brought intellectuals together in her apartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Louise Thompson do after graduating with a degree in business administration?

    <p>Supported a student strike against paternalism at Hampton Institute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated Langston Hughes to move to Harlem?

    <p>The cultural significance of Harlem and the inspiration of the Negro common people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Louise Thompson write a letter to DuBois about her experiences at Hampton?

    <p>To share her experiences anonymously, leading to her departure from the school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized Claude McKay's relationship with the black community in Harlem?

    <p>He was dependent on white intellectuals for support and publication opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drew Regina Andrews to Harlem?

    <p>The vibrant artistic community and the chance to discover her race and womanhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Louise Thompson adapt to the racial tolerance of different communities?

    <p>By changing her ethnic identity as she moved through towns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Louise Thompson inspired by, leading to her departure from Hampton Institute?

    <p>The opportunity to publish anonymously in Crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Langston Hughes drawn to Harlem by?

    <p>The cultural significance of Harlem and the inspiration of the Negro common people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which entrepreneur became a millionaire by selling hair treatment products to black women?

    <p>Madame C. J. Walker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which magazine was known for its scientific analysis of racial problems and advocacy for radical solutions?

    <p>Messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded Crisis magazine, which focused on exposing violence against blacks through statistical data and investigative journalism?

    <p>DuBois</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unconventional means were used to achieve wealth in Harlem?

    <p>Selling cooked pigs' feet from a cart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which magazine reflected the Urban League's belief in self-help and uplift through education and job training?

    <p>Opportunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who criticized DuBois for urging Negro military service in the war, instead advocating for black self-determination and labor organizing?

    <p>The Messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field in Harlem provided opportunities despite challenges such as discrimination and lack of resources?

    <p>Medicine and law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect did Harlem intellectuals ignore while wanting to effect political change?

    <p>Practical aspects of politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Three Harlem magazines - Crisis, Messenger, and Opportunity - played a significant role in propagating which agenda?

    <p>'Progressive' reform agenda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?

    <p>Response to growing racial violence against blacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization was founded by Marcus Garvey in Harlem?

    <p>The Universal Negro Improvement Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who became the editor of the Crisis, a monthly publication of the NAACP?

    <p>W.E.B. DuBois</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Niagara Movement advocate for?

    <p>Free speech and manhood suffrage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did influential figures like DuBois, Johnson, and Garvey make their headquarters before America's entry into World War I?

    <p>New York</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Marcus Garvey promote through the Universal Negro Improvement Association?

    <p>Racial independence and black nationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was W.E.B. DuBois known for in relation to racial injustice?

    <p>Militant stance against racial injustice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Niagara Movement reject about Booker T. Washington's position?

    <p>His anti-intellectual position against higher education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the motivating factor for young black intellectuals to migrate to New York?

    <p>Desire for intellectual challenge and self-discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who challenged Booker T. Washington's philosophy and leadership?

    <p>Mary White Ovington and W.E.B. DuBois</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The Niagara Movement challenged Booker T. Washington's philosophy and leadership due to his perceived sell-out of Negro's political and social rights.
    • They advocated for free speech, manhood suffrage, and the abolition of caste distinctions based on race or color.
    • The Niagara Movement rejected Washington's anti-intellectual position against higher education for the Negro man of ability.
    • In response to growing racial violence against blacks, Mary White Ovington issued a call for a new conference in 1909, which led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
    • W.E.B. DuBois, one of the founders, became the editor of the Crisis, a monthly publication of the NAACP, and was known for his militant stance against racial injustice.
    • Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican nationalist, came to New York in 1916 and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Harlem, promoting self-help, racial independence, and black nationalism.
    • DuBois, Johnson, and Garvey, along with other political leaders and intellectuals, made their headquarters in New York before America's entry into World War I, attracting young black intellectuals seeking intellectual challenge and self-discovery.
    • Harlem became a capital for an international black race due to the presence of these influential figures and the openness, variety, and sophistication they brought.
    • Motivating factors for young black intellectuals to migrate to New York included an identity quest, desire for intellectual challenge, and a compelling urge to do something important.

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