54 Questions
What made Harlem stand out from other 'colored districts' of American cities?
Its historic significance as a symbol of the Afro-American's coming of age
What was the significance of Ike Hines's place on West 35th Street?
It was a hub for black musicians and entertainers
What role did the respectable white citizenry play in 'darktowns' like Harlem?
They indulged in extra-legal activities shielded from police harassment
What made Harlem symbolize the Afro-American's coming of age?
The time and circumstances of its creation
What did Ike Hines's place on West 35th Street attract?
White pleasure-seekers
What was a common feature of 'darktowns' like Harlem before World War I?
Community indulgence in spicy activities
Which city did James Weldon Johnson move to in 1914?
Harlem
Where did James Weldon Johnson become the first Negro executive secretary of the NAACP?
Jacksonville
Which leader criticized Booker T. Washington's emphasis on industrial and agricultural training?
DuBois
Where did DuBois bring together militant black intellectuals in a conference in 1905?
Buffalo
Where did DuBois grow up?
Massachusetts
In which city did Johnson see racial dynamics differently in the early 1900s?
Jacksonville
Where did Johnson marry a Brooklyn girl?
New York City
Where did DuBois teach at Negro colleges before moving to Europe for further study?
Massachusetts
When did Johnson become one of the first Negroes to buy a home in Harlem?
1920s
From which university did James Weldon Johnson receive his degrees?
Fisk University and Harvard University
Where did DuBois signal the break from Washington's leadership and the emergence of a new generation of black activists?
Buffalo
Which city was the center of Negro entertainment and nightlife in 1914?
Harlem
What prompted James Weldon Johnson to leave the consular service?
Limited opportunities for Negroes in the foreign service under liberal circumstances.
What was the primary reason for Harlem becoming a major black community in the early 20th century?
Poverty and racial bigotry in the South.
What impact did Black soldiers returning from World War I have on Harlem?
Reinforced the sense of self-determination and the potential for a capital for the race.
Why did Harlem attract many black intellectuals, activists, and artists?
Seeking a wider audience, personal and racial success, and a place to crystallize the best achievements of colored people into the race's positive future.
What significant change led to James Weldon Johnson's decision to leave the consular service?
The political change that brought the Democrats to power.
What did James Weldon Johnson mark by moving to Harlem in 1914?
A final commitment to a life's work as an intellectual and organizer for the Afro-American cause.
What made Harlem a significant urban black community in the most urbane American city?
The rapid growth of urban black community in Harlem.
What inspired Louise Thompson to join the new postwar generation of Negro intellectuals in Harlem?
Her desire to find a sense of race identity and assert it
What role did Regina Andrews play in Harlem?
She served as a salon hostess and brought intellectuals together in her apartment
What did Louise Thompson do after graduating with a degree in business administration?
Supported a student strike against paternalism at Hampton Institute
What motivated Langston Hughes to move to Harlem?
The cultural significance of Harlem and the inspiration of the Negro common people
Why did Louise Thompson write a letter to DuBois about her experiences at Hampton?
To share her experiences anonymously, leading to her departure from the school
What characterized Claude McKay's relationship with the black community in Harlem?
He was dependent on white intellectuals for support and publication opportunities
What drew Regina Andrews to Harlem?
The vibrant artistic community and the chance to discover her race and womanhood
How did Louise Thompson adapt to the racial tolerance of different communities?
By changing her ethnic identity as she moved through towns
What was Louise Thompson inspired by, leading to her departure from Hampton Institute?
The opportunity to publish anonymously in Crisis
What was Langston Hughes drawn to Harlem by?
The cultural significance of Harlem and the inspiration of the Negro common people
Which entrepreneur became a millionaire by selling hair treatment products to black women?
Madame C. J. Walker
Which magazine was known for its scientific analysis of racial problems and advocacy for radical solutions?
Messenger
Who founded Crisis magazine, which focused on exposing violence against blacks through statistical data and investigative journalism?
DuBois
What unconventional means were used to achieve wealth in Harlem?
Selling cooked pigs' feet from a cart
Which magazine reflected the Urban League's belief in self-help and uplift through education and job training?
Opportunity
Who criticized DuBois for urging Negro military service in the war, instead advocating for black self-determination and labor organizing?
The Messenger
Which field in Harlem provided opportunities despite challenges such as discrimination and lack of resources?
Medicine and law
What aspect did Harlem intellectuals ignore while wanting to effect political change?
Practical aspects of politics
'Three Harlem magazines - Crisis, Messenger, and Opportunity - played a significant role in propagating which agenda?
'Progressive' reform agenda
What was the main reason for the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?
Response to growing racial violence against blacks
Which organization was founded by Marcus Garvey in Harlem?
The Universal Negro Improvement Association
Who became the editor of the Crisis, a monthly publication of the NAACP?
W.E.B. DuBois
What did the Niagara Movement advocate for?
Free speech and manhood suffrage
Where did influential figures like DuBois, Johnson, and Garvey make their headquarters before America's entry into World War I?
New York
What did Marcus Garvey promote through the Universal Negro Improvement Association?
Racial independence and black nationalism
What was W.E.B. DuBois known for in relation to racial injustice?
Militant stance against racial injustice
What did the Niagara Movement reject about Booker T. Washington's position?
His anti-intellectual position against higher education
What was the motivating factor for young black intellectuals to migrate to New York?
Desire for intellectual challenge and self-discovery
Who challenged Booker T. Washington's philosophy and leadership?
Mary White Ovington and W.E.B. DuBois
Study Notes
- The Niagara Movement challenged Booker T. Washington's philosophy and leadership due to his perceived sell-out of Negro's political and social rights.
- They advocated for free speech, manhood suffrage, and the abolition of caste distinctions based on race or color.
- The Niagara Movement rejected Washington's anti-intellectual position against higher education for the Negro man of ability.
- In response to growing racial violence against blacks, Mary White Ovington issued a call for a new conference in 1909, which led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
- W.E.B. DuBois, one of the founders, became the editor of the Crisis, a monthly publication of the NAACP, and was known for his militant stance against racial injustice.
- Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican nationalist, came to New York in 1916 and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Harlem, promoting self-help, racial independence, and black nationalism.
- DuBois, Johnson, and Garvey, along with other political leaders and intellectuals, made their headquarters in New York before America's entry into World War I, attracting young black intellectuals seeking intellectual challenge and self-discovery.
- Harlem became a capital for an international black race due to the presence of these influential figures and the openness, variety, and sophistication they brought.
- Motivating factors for young black intellectuals to migrate to New York included an identity quest, desire for intellectual challenge, and a compelling urge to do something important.
What made Harlem Special - Nathan Huggins
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